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By Dr. Bob Uda, Ph.D., CM, CHSP, ILO (Reporter)
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Thermodynamic Heat Transfer

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Coldness is the absence of heat.  Cold never moves because it is not a thing but, instead, is a condition.  A cold object just sits there devoid of heat.  Heat is energy, which is a thing rather than a condition.  Heat or energy always flows from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object.

Heat is measured in units of calories or British Thermal Units (BTUs).  BTW, those are my initials (Bob T. Uda).  Heat capacity is the amount of heat or calories required to raise the temperature of a substance or system one degree, usually expressed in the number of calories per degree Celsius or Centigrade.  Note that the calories we speak of here are not the same kind of calories you intake when you eat sweets that cause you to gain body weight.

A British Thermal Unit or BTU is the amount of heat required to raise a pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.  One BTU is equivalent to 252 calories.  The conversion between Fahrenheit and Celsius or Centigrade is performed through the equation F = (9/5) C + 32.  Hence, 0 deg C equals 32 deg F, which is the freezing temperature of water or H2O.  Furthermore, 100 deg C equals 212 deg F, which is the boiling point of water.

Since a cold object is the absence of heat, heat in the form of calories, flows from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object.  Hot air rises because it is lighter or less dense than cold air.  That’s why it is hotter upstairs than it is downstairs if you live in a two-story home.

When air is heated up, the Brownian motion of the air particles increases in activity.  This activity causes the particles to maintain greater distances between and among themselves as they bounce off of each other.  Because you have greater space between air particles, the density of the heated air decreases.  Density is mass per unit volume and may be expressed in pounds per cubic feet.  Less dense air rises.  That is why as air is heated on the first floor of your home, it rises through the staircase up to the second story rooms of your home.

If you bring a cube of ice (which is obviously cold) in contact with a hot plate, heat flows from the hot plate to the ice cube causing the temperature of the ice cube to rise from 32 degrees F to a higher temperature, thereby, causing the ice cube to melt.

Heat is transferred through three means.  The first means is heat conduction.  That is the process applied when we touched an ice cube to a hot plate.  Heat is transferred from the hot plate to the ice cube through the process of conduction.  Hence, in conduction, heat flows or transfers through solid objects.  Heat travels faster through metal objects than it does through other non-metallic objects such as wood, plastic, leather, rubber, concrete, etc.

If there is a moving, gaseous medium (say, air, for example) between a cold object and a hot object, the hot object heats up the moving air, which then flows past the cold object.  Heat is thus transferred from the hot object to the cold object through the heated air medium.  This second method is called convection or convective heat transfer.  Heat is transferred through convection currents of the air medium.

The third process of heat transfer is called radiation heat transfer.  This is where heat travels by heat waves from the hot object to the cold object.  You either have a medium, such as air, that the heat is transferred through by radiation waves or the radiation waves can transfer through a vacuum as you have in outer space.  So, heat from the Sun is radiated through space, then through the earth’s atmosphere, and finally reaches the surface of the earth.

In thermodynamics, we are introduced to the concepts of entropy and enthalpy.  Entropy is a thermodynamic measure of the amount of energy unavailable for useful work in a system undergoing change.  Entropy always increases and available energy diminishes in a closed system such as the universe.  Enthalpy is a measure of the energy content of a system per unit mass such as BTUs per pound of mass.  These are difficult concepts for the average person to understand much less apply in determining the thermodynamics of a closed system.

In a nutshell, that is my treatise on thermodynamic heat transfer.  Thermodynamic means heat dynamics or heat in motion.  Heat in motion is accomplished through conduction, convection, and radiation.  Now, there is some light and truth on heat and heat in motion or thermodynamics.

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