Losing a jewel: Rapid declines in Myanmar’s intact forests from 2002-2014

Desdemona Despair

18 May 2017 (SCBI) – The loss of intact forest cover in Myanmar has accelerated over the past decade, according to a study by Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI) scientists and partners published May 17 in PLOS ONE.

Due to its long political and economic isolation, Myanmar has retained much of its original forest cover, but much of the intact forest is unprotected and increasingly subject to pressures from rapid political and economic changes in the country. For example, areas that were inaccessible due to armed conflicts between the government and ethnic groups are starting to open up for timber production and commercial plantations. To investigate changes to forest cover, the paper’s authors used Landsat satellite images to map forest cover in Myanmar between 2002 and 2014.

“We found that forests cover 63 percent of Myanmar, making it one of the most forested countries in the region,” said author and head of SCBI’s Conservation Ecology Center Peter Leimgruber. “However, severe logging, expanding plantations, and degradation pose increasing threats. Only 38 percent of the country’s forests can be considered intact with canopy cover greater than 80 percent.”

In terms of conservation efforts and protection of endangered species, intact (un-fragmented) forests are the most valuable. During the study period, the authors found that Myanmar’s intact forest declined by 11 percent (more than 2 million hectares) with an annual loss of 0.94 percent. Through their analyses the authors also identified nine township hotspots of deforestation of intact forests and a large area 6.1 million hectares of intact forest in northern Myanmar.

The authors suggest that protection of intact forests should take priority, but other ways of improving forest management could include encouraging forest restoration and reclaiming degraded forestlands for plantations and sustainable agriculture.

Other authors include Tejas Bhagwat, Melissa Songer, Katherine LaJeunesse Connette, Grant Connette and Qiongyu Huang from SCBI; Ned Horning from the American Museum of Natural History; Andrea Hess from the Department of Geosciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; and Thiri Khaing, Zaw Min Thein, Kyaw Moe Aung, Kyaw Htet Aung, Paing Phyo, Ye Lin Tun, Aung Htat Oo, Anthony Neil, Win Myo Thu, Asja Bernd from the EcoDev/ALARM, Kamayut Township, Yangon, Myanmar and/or GMAP, Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar.

SCBI plays a leading role in the Smithsonian’s global efforts to save species from extinction and train future generations of conservationists. SCBI spearheads research programs at its headquarters in Front Royal, Virginia, the Smithsonian’s National Zoo in Washington, D.C., and at field research stations and training sites worldwide. SCBI scientists tackle some of today’s most complex conservation challenges by applying and sharing what they learn about animal behavior and reproduction, ecology, genetics, migration and conservation sustainability.

Myanmar’s Extensive Forests are Declining Rapidly Due to Political and Economic Change

ABSTRACT: New and rapid political and economic changes in Myanmar are increasing the pressures on the country’s forests. Yet, little is known about the past and current condition of these forests and how fast they are declining. We mapped forest cover in Myanmar through a consortium of international organizations and environmental non-governmental groups, using freely-available public domain data and open source software tools. We used Landsat satellite imagery to assess the condition and spatial distribution of Myanmar’s intact and degraded forests with special focus on changes in intact forest between 2002 and 2014. We found that forests cover 42,365,729 ha or 63% of Myanmar, making it one of the most forested countries in the region. However, severe logging, expanding plantations, and degradation pose increasing threats. Only 38% of the country’s forests can be considered intact with canopy cover >80%. Between 2002 and 2014, intact forests declined at a rate of 0.94% annually, totaling more than 2 million ha forest loss. Losses can be extremely high locally and we identified 9 townships as forest conversion hotspots. We also delineated 13 large (>100,000 ha) and contiguous intact forest landscapes, which are dispersed across Myanmar. The Northern Forest Complex supports four of these landscapes, totaling over 6.1 million ha of intact forest, followed by the Southern Forest Complex with three landscapes, comprising 1.5 million ha. These remaining contiguous forest landscape should have high priority for protection. Our project demonstrates how open source data and software can be used to develop and share critical information on forests when such data are not readily available elsewhere. We provide all data, code, and outputs freely via the internet at (scripts; data).

Losing a jewel—Rapid declines in Myanmar’s intact forests from 2002-2014