Descendants of the Resistance to the Inca Empire Found
The Chachapoyas region was conquered by the Inca Empire in the late 15thcentury. Knowledge of the fate of the local population has been based largely on Inca oral histories, written down only decades later after the Spanish conquest. The Inca accounts claim that the native population was forcibly resettled out of Chachapoyas and dispersed across the Inca Empire.
Credit: © Chiara Barbierieters.
” Particularly to punish and to secure control over such rebellious lands, the Incas are thought to have resettled millions of people across the “Four Quarters” of their empire, Tawantinsuyu. Chachapoyas was reportedly singled out for such treatment, making it an ideal case for using genetics to test the accuracy of Inca oral histories, which were not written down until almost a century later, by the Spanish conquistadors.
“By targeting various linguistic indicators, we were able to pinpoint a genetic signal in Chachapoyas that turned out to be far more diverse than we expected, especially in the male line, from father to son,” explains Chiara Barbieri, a geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany, and lead author of the study. “First of all, there’s still a strong surviving Native American component, despite all the admixture with European genes ever since the Spanish conquest.
Credit: Barbieri et al. Enclaves of genetic diversity resisted Inca impacts on population history. Scientific Reports, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17728-w Zoom Image
Paul Heggarty, a linguist and senior author of the study, also of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, was first motivated to launch this project after unexpected results from a linguistic fieldwork trip to Chachapoyas. He was able to find a few remaining elderly speakers of an indigenous language that most assumed was already extinct in this region. “Quechua is one of our most direct living links to the people of the New World before Columbus. It still has millions of speakers, more than any other language family of the Americas – but not in Chachapoyas anymore. There are only a dozen or so fluent speakers now, in a few remote villages, so we need to act fast if we’re to work out its real origins here.”
The Chachapoyas form of Quechua has usually been classified as most closely related to the Quechua spoken in Ecuador, but the new DNA results show no close connections between the Quechua-speakers in these two areas. “Linguists need to rethink their traditional view of the family tree of Quechua languages, and the history of how they spread through the Andes,” notes Heggarty. “It seems that Quechua reached Chachapoyas without any big movement of people. This also doesn’t fit with the idea that the Incas forced out the Chachapoyas population wholesale.”
Jairo Valqui, another linguist co-author from the National University of San Marcos in Lima, adds a further perspective on an even earlier language layer. “Once Quechua and Spanish arrived, the local Chachapoyas languages died out. Recovering anything from them is a real puzzle and a challenge for linguists. They left very few traces, but there are some characteristic combinations of sounds, for example, that still survive in people’s surnames and in local placenames, like Kuelap itself.”
Valqui, himself a Chachapoyano, also makes a point of taking these genetic results back to the local population. “For Peruvian society today, this matters. There’s long been an appreciation of the Incas, but often at the cost of sidelining everything else in the archaeological record across Peru, and the diversity in our linguistic and genetic heritage too. As these latest findings remind us: Peru is not just Machu Picchu, and its indigenous people were not just the Incas.”
Contacts and sources:
Dr. Chiara Barbieri / Anne Gibson
The Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH)
Citation: Barbieri, C.; Sandoval, J. R.; Valqui, J.; Shimelman, A.; Ziemendorff, S.; Schröder, R.; Geppert, M.; Roewer, L.; Gray, R. D.; Stoneking, M. et al.:Enclaves of genetic diversity resisted Inca impacts on population history. Scientific Reports (2017)
Source: http://www.ineffableisland.com/2017/12/descendants-of-resistance-to-inca.html
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I do know this much. The current people now occupying the country did not build the Inca empire.