Mass Graves Yield Probable Cause of Early Colonial-Era Mexican Epidemic
An international team, led by researchers from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Harvard University and the Mexican National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), has used ancient DNA and a new data processing program to identify the possible cause of a colonial-era epidemic in Mexico.
The first direct evidence for one of the potential causes of the 1545-1550 cocoliztli epidemic
Of all the colonial New World epidemics, the unidentified 1545-1550 “cocoliztli” epidemic was among the most devastating, affecting large parts of Mexico and Guatemala, including the Mixtec town of Teposcolula-Yucundaa, located in Oaxaca, Mexico. Archaeological excavations at the site have unearthed the only known cemetery linked to this particular outbreak to date.
The scientists analyzed ancient DNA extracted from 29 skeletons excavated at the site, and used a new computational program to characterize the ancient bacterial DNA. This technique allowed the scientists to search for all bacterial DNA present in their samples, without having to specify a particular target beforehand.
Credit: © Elizabeth Nelson
This screening method revealed promising evidence of S. enterica DNA traces in 10 of their samples. Subsequent to this initial finding, a DNA enrichment method specifically designed for this study was applied. With this, the scientists were able to reconstruct full S. enterica genomes, and 10 of the individuals were found to contain a subspecies of S. enterica that causes enteric fever. This is the first time scientists have recovered molecular evidence of a microbial infection from this bacterium using ancient material from the New World. Enteric fever, of which typhoid fever is the best known variety today, causes high fevers, dehydration, and gastro-intestinal complications. Today, the disease is considered a major health threat around the world, having caused an estimated 27 million illnesses in the year 2000 alone. However, little is known about its past severity or worldwide prevalence.
A new tool in discovering past diseases
“A key result of this study is that we were successful in recovering information about a microbial infection that was circulating in this population, and we did not need to specify a particular target in advance,” explains Alexander Herbig, also of the MPI-SHH and co-first author of the study. In the past, scientists usually targeted a particular pathogen or a small set of pathogens, for which they had prior indication.
Credit: Christina Warinner. Image courtesy of the Teposcolula-Yucundaa Archaeological Project.
Åshild J. Vågene / Dr. Alexander Herbig
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Citation: Åshild J. Vågene, Alexander Herbig, Michael G. Campana, Nelly M. Robles García, Christina Warinner, Susanna Sabin, Maria A. Spyrou, Aida Andrades Valtueña, Daniel Huson, Noreen Tuross, Kirsten I. Bos and Johannes Krause: Salmonella enterica genomes from victims of a major 16th century epidemic in Mexico, Nature Ecology and Evolution, DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0446-6
Source: http://www.ineffableisland.com/2018/01/mass-graves-yield-probable-cause-of.html
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