Mysterious Vaping Illness Characterized by Fat-Laden Cells in the Lung
Doctors have identified a previously unrecognized characteristic of the vaping-related respiratory illness that has been emerging in clusters across the U.S. in recent months. Within the lungs of these patients are large immune cells containing numerous oily droplets, called lipid-laden macrophages.Lipid-laden macrophages found in patients with vaping-related respiratory illness. Oily lipids are stained red.
Credit: Andrew Hansen, MD, Jordan Valley Medical Center
“While it is too soon to be sure, these lipid-laden macrophages may turn out to be useful to confirm or rule out this disease,” said the study’s senior author Scott Aberegg, M.D., a critical care pulmonologist at U of U Health. “They may also be helpful in understanding what is causing this illness,” Aberegg added.
Watch a video of physicians and patients talking about their experiences with the vaping illness here.
Lung scans from patients with vaping illness look like a serious viral or bacterial pneumonia, but those tests come back negative. Instead, diagnosis has been based on exclusion of known causes of similar respiratory illnesses combined with knowing the patient has a history of vaping.
(Left) Lung scan of a patient who was severely affected by the vaping-related respiratory illness. (Right) Lung scan of the same patient after treatment and recovery.
U of U Health investigators identified the lipid-laden macrophages in six out of six cases seen at University of Utah Hospital in Salt Lake City by the time of submitting the results for publication. The cells were found in samples after performing a procedure called bronchoalveolar lavage where fluid is squirted into a small section of the lungs and then collected for examination. Macrophages are a type of cell from the immune system that gather at sites of infection and perform the role of cleaning up debris. Staining them with a dye called Oil-red-O highlighted the oily droplets littered throughout these cells.
“These cells are very distinctive, and we don’t often see them. That made everybody start to think carefully about why they were there. Are they scavenging debris in the lungs that was introduced through vaping?” Aberegg said.
Doctors at the U had the test performed on the first vaping patient treated at U of U Health in July 2019, after the referring doctor had suggested the patient could have lipoid pneumonia. The condition is diagnosed by screening for lipid-laden macrophages. After finding the marker in this patient, doctors performed the same test in subsequent patients suspected to have the vaping illness, and all were positive. Since submitting their findings for publication, the number of vaping illness cases with lipid-laden macrophages has risen to ten of ten patients examined, with new cases arriving weekly.
This is critical care pulmonologist Scott Aberegg, MD.
The question remains as to whether the vaping respiratory illness is a type of lipoid pneumonia. Despite similarities, there are also differences. Unlike the vaping illness, classic lipoid pneumonia is typically seen in older individuals, typically caused by accidentally breathing in oil-based laxatives. Classic lipoid pneumonia also presents differently on x-rays of the lungs. Additional testing will need to be done to determine whether the vaping illness can be categorized as a new kind of lipoid pneumonia.
“We need to determine if these cells are specific for the illness or whether they are also seen in vaping patients who are not ill and don’t have symptoms. If they are only seen in patients who get sick, we can begin to make some connections between what we’re seeing in the lipid laden macrophages and whatever components of the vaping oils may be causing this syndrome” Aberegg said.
In addition to Aberegg, co-authors include Sean D. Maddock, Meghan M. Cirulis, Sean J. Callahan, Lynn M. Keenan, Cheryl S. Pirozzi, and Sanjeev M. Raman. The research publishes on Sept. 6 as a letter to the editor at the New England Journal of Medicine, titled, “Pulmonary disease and lipid-laden macrophages associated with e-cigarette use”.
Contacts and sources:
Julie KieferUniversity of Utah Health
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Each brand of e-cig juice is a random concoction of chemicals that you have no idea what you are inhaling just like normal cigarettes that are sprayed with 300+ different chemicals. I laughed in the faces of people who told me vaping was safer than smoking.
It is if you get the E liquid from a known tobacco company, what has been happening is the e liquids are blended with I believe THC from Cannabis effectively cutting the nicotine in the same way alcohol was with anti freeze. THC creates fat lipids in the lung tissue suffocating the user very quickly. This is in fact murder by poisoning and law enforcement has failed to treat it as such.
You should not be taking anything in your lungs but FRESH air.
Many have DIED trying to prove this wrong.