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Missing Link in Coronavirus Jump from Bats to Humans Could Be Pangolins, Not Snakes

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As scientists scramble to learn more about the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, two recent studies of the virus’ genome reached controversial conclusions: namely, that snakes are intermediate hosts of the new virus, and that a key coronavirus protein shares “uncanny similarities” with an HIV-1 protein. Now, a study in ACS’ Journal of Proteome Research refutes both ideas and suggests that scaly, anteater-like animals called pangolins are the missing link for SARS-CoV-2 transmission between bats and humans.

 Pangolin
Credit: Wikimedia Commons 

Understanding where SARS-CoV-2 –– the virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic ­–– came from and how it spreads is important for its control and treatment. Most experts agree that bats are a natural reservoir of SARS-CoV-2, but an intermediate host was needed for it to jump from bats to humans. A recent study that analyzed the new virus’ genome suggested snakes as this host, despite the fact that coronaviruses are only known to infect mammals and birds. 

Meanwhile, an unrelated study compared the sequence of the spike protein –– a key protein responsible for getting the virus into mammalian cells –– of the new coronavirus to that of HIV-1, noting unexpected similarities. Although the authors withdrew this preprint manuscript after scientific criticism, it spawned rumors and conspiracy theories that the new coronavirus could have been engineered in a lab. Yang Zhang and colleagues wanted to conduct a more careful and complete analysis of SARS-CoV-2 DNA and protein sequences to resolve these issues.

Compared to the previous studies, the researchers used larger data sets and newer, more accurate bioinformatics methods and databases to analyze the SARS-CoV-2 genome. They found that, in contrast to the claim that four regions of the spike protein were uniquely shared between SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1, the four sequence segments could be found in other viruses, including bat coronavirus. After uncovering an error in the analysis that suggested snakes as an intermediate host, the team searched DNA and protein sequences isolated from pangolin tissues for ones similar to SARS-CoV-2.

The researchers identified protein sequences in sick animals’ lungs that were 91% identical to the human virus’ proteins. Moreover, the receptor binding domain of the spike protein from the pangolin coronavirus had only five amino acid differences from SARS-CoV-2, compared with 19 differences between the human and bat viral proteins. This evidence points to the pangolin as the most likely intermediate host for the new coronavirus, but additional intermediate hosts could be possible, the researchers say.

The authors acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment.

Contacts and sources:
American Chemical Society

Publication: “Protein Structure and Sequence Reanalysis of 2019-nCoV Genome Refutes Snakes as Its Intermediate Host and the Unique Similarity between Its Spike Protein Insertions and HIV-1”Journal of Proteome Research

 


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    • dave42

      Maybe it was butt monkeys.
      The Indian gene scan paper about the splice in gain of function HIV1 SN pathway added to the Sars virus was with drawn due to POLITICAL pressure from WHO commie and LEGAL pressure from the current patent holder of the virus NOT peer review.
      Actually the four other labs that confirmed the gnome all have published the identity of the original virus as the one that was sold to the Wuhan Lab in 2014.
      The gain of function work done by the University of North Carolina and the subsequent sale to the WUHAN lab was approved by Obama.
      The author of the bioweapons treaty confirmed the ILLEGAL work and sale and went public in January 2020.
      The USGOV public information confirms these facts.
      The ACE2 cell entry path is spliced on and this is easily confirmed with the energy of disassociation being very low at 7mj/m2.
      The alcohol solvency of the virus also is indicative of simple lipids being used as a binder rather than more complex proteins that occur in nature.
      The secondary work on this virus seems to be described in the news and white papers written by the 2012-2019 head of the wuhan lab in his attempts to develop a vaccine for SARS.

      The BAT soup and or Pangolin model of trans-species communication is what the CCP tried as an excuse back in December.
      However I am unaware of any published papers or news concerning the discovery of a BAT or a Pangolin with this particular virus.

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