LAWLESS CAPITALISM and HSBC

On Tuesday, the US Department of Justice announced the civil settlement of a major pattern of criminal misconduct by HSBC Holdings plc and HSBC Bank USA for about $1.9 billion in fines and forfeitures. No criminal action will occur; instead under a deferred prosecution agreement HSBC promises to stop violating the law and allow compliance monitoring for 5 years.

“A four-count felony criminal information was filed today in federal
court in the Eastern District of New York charging HSBC with willfully
failing to maintain an effective anti-money laundering (AML) program [and]
willfully failing to conduct due diligence on its foreign correspondent
affiliates . . . . HSBC has waived federal
indictment, agreed to the filing of the information, and has accepted
responsibility for its criminal conduct and that of its employees.” 

HSBC engaged in horrendously criminal conduct: “HSBC Bank USA violated the [Bank Secrecy Act] by failing to maintain an effective anti-money laundering program and to conduct appropriate due diligence on its foreign correspondent account holders.  The HSBC Group violated the [International Emergency Economic Powers Act ] and the [Trading with the Enemy Act] by illegally conducting transactions on behalf of customers in Cuba, Iran, Libya, Sudan and Burma – all countries that were subject to sanctions enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) at the time of the transactions.”

For example, HSBC processed “over $670 billion in wire transfers and over $9.4 billion in purchases
of physical U.S. dollars from HSBC Mexico during this period, when HSBC
Mexico’s own lax AML controls caused it to be the preferred financial
institution for drug cartels and money launderers.”

“A significant portion of the laundered drug trafficking proceeds were
involved in the Black Market Peso Exchange (BMPE), a complex money
laundering system that is designed to move the proceeds from the sale of
illegal drugs in the United States to drug cartels outside of the
United States, often in Colombia.”

According to DOJ: “In addition to forfeiting $1.256 billion as part of its deferred
prosecution agreement (DPA) with the Department of Justice, HSBC has
also agreed to pay $665 million in civil penalties – $500 million to the
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and $165 million to the
Federal Reserve – for its AML program violations.”

As Professor Ellen Podgor argues, deferred prosecution agreements have their place, and they certainly are a tool for positively influencing corporate behavior. But, I fundamentally agree with Bill Black that the failure to indict the individuals who committed these serious felonies in the financial sector is ill-founded: “It’s mind-boggling how they think you can have a financial system and allow this kind of impunity.” HSBC “put the world at enormous risk.” Corporations act only through agents; necessarily the charges against HSBC mean that numerous individuals participated in (and conspired to commit) felonies.

The failure to indict any individual in the face of HSBC’s galactic criminality corrodes the rule of law throughout society and creates perverse incentives at the apex of our economy. After all when a
corporation pays fines, it is innocent shareholders who pay. If senior
officers and directors know they can fatten their compensation by
generating illusory profits through criminal conduct at the expense of
shareholders and the economy generally then the very viability of
capitalism itself is at risk.

In Lawless Capitalism I argue that we have allowed those controlling the most wealth–like the megabanks–to rise above the law and escape traditional norms of criminal and civil accountability. The power of corporate and financial elites to subvert law and regulation drove the entire financial crisis of 2007 and 2009.

The HSBC catastrophe proves once again that the US (and capitalism generally) desperately requires a sturdier economic rule of law. While I articulate a number of mechanisms in Lawless Capitalism for imposing a real economic rule of law in the US, it must start with holding all economic actors to the same criminal standards (based upon a reasonable assessment of social costs) regardless of wealth or employment with a megabank.

There is no sound reason for failing to pursue criminals within the financial sector. The DOJ’s decision to pursue HSBC through fines alone and allow individual crimes to go unpunished is certain to spawn more lawlessness.