The model called “the tree of life” is inconsistent (actually a paradox)
The problem for cladistics is that the so-called “clades” are sets of sets, because sets cannot consist of sets, as Bertrand Russell demonstrated with the so-called “Russell’s paradox” in 1901.
This is the reason that sets of sets in mathematics (set theory) are called “families” of sets, analogous how sets of species in Linnean systematics are called “genera”, “families”, orders”, etcetera.
The problem for cladistics is thus that the model called “the tree of life” is inconsistent (actually a paradox). This does not mean that the idea that life has originated by evolution is inconsistent, but just that this model of how it should have occurred is. (The problem actually resides in that a model of change can’t fuse with what it models, because change isn’t a model.)
Another contribution to understanding of conceptualization http://menvall.wordpress.com/
Source: https://menvall.wordpress.com/2016/04/13/the-model-called-the-tree-of-life-is-inconsistent-actually-a-paradox/
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