New Half-Light Half-Matter Particle May Make Computing Superfast

Physicists at the University of Exeter have taken an important step towards this goal, as they have discovered new half-light half-matter particles that inherit some of the remarkable features of graphene, the so-called “wonder material”.

This discovery opens the door for the development of photonic circuitry using these alternative particles, known as ‘massless Dirac polaritons’, to transport information rather than electrons.

Dirac polaritons emerge in honeycomb metasurfaces, which are ultra-thin materials that are engineered to have structure on the nanoscale, much smaller than the wavelength of light.

A unique feature of Dirac particles is that they mimic relativistic particles with no mass, allowing them to travel very efficiently. This fact makes graphene one of the most conductive materials known to man.

However, despite their extraordinary properties, it is very difficult to control them. For example, in graphene it is impossible to switch on/off electrical currents using simple electrical potential, thus hindering the potential implementation of graphene in electronic devices.

This fundamental drawback – the lack of tunability – has been successfully overcome in a unique way by the physicists at the University of Exeter.

Charlie-Ray Mann, the lead author of the paper published in Nature Communications, explains: “For graphene, one usually has to modify the honeycomb lattice to change its properties, for example by straining the honeycomb lattice which is extremely challenging to do controllably.”

“The key difference here is that the Dirac polaritons are hybrid particles, a mixture of light and matter components. It is this hybrid nature that presents us with a unique way to tune their fundamental properties, by manipulating only their light-component, something that is impossible to do in graphene”.

The researchers show that by embedding the honeycomb metasurface between two reflecting mirrors and changing the distance between them, one can tune the fundamental properties of the Dirac polaritons in a simple, controllable and reversible way.

“Our work has crucial implications for the research fields of photonics and of Dirac particles”, adds Dr Eros Mariani, principal investigator on the study.

“We have shown the ability to slow down or even stop the Dirac particles, and modify their internal structure, their “chirality” in technical terms, which is impossible to do in graphene itself”

“The achievements of our work will constitute a key step along the photonic circuitry revolution”.

The study “Manipulating type-I and type-II Dirac polaritons in cavity-embedded honeycomb metasurfaces” (DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-03982-7) was published in Nature Communications. The authors are Charlie-Ray Mann, Bill Barnes and Eros Mariani (University of Exeter), Thomas Sturges (formerly at University of Exeter, now at Warsaw University) and Guillaume Weick (University of Strasbourg).

The project was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) of the United Kingdom through the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Metamaterials (Grant No. EP/L015331/1) and through Grant No. EP/K041150/1, by the Leverhulme Trust (Research Project Grant RPG-2015-101), by the Royal Society (International Exchange Grant No. IE140367, Newton Mobility Grants NI160073, and Theo Murphy Award TM160190), by the EU ERC project Photmat (ERC-2016-ADG-742222), by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Project ANR-14-CE26-0005 Q-Meta- Mat) and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Contract No. 6384 APAG).

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University of Exeter

Citation:  “Manipulating type-I and type-II Dirac polaritons in cavity-embedded honeycomb metasurfaces” (DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-03982-7)