Fur Trade May Have Spread the Plague through Europe Repeatedly
The bacteriumYersinia pestisis the causative agent of bubonic and pulmonary plague in humans. Plague is primarily a disease of wildlife and is maintained in reservoirs, which nowadays are present on all continents with the exception of Australia and Western Europe.
Understanding the plague
During the last decades, different studies tried to understand the origin of these outbreaks. Two hypotheses emerged from these studies. According to the first hypothesis, after a first introduction during the Black Death, one or more reservoirs ofY. pestiswere established in Western Europe – which explains these recurrent outbreaks.
The Second Pandemic
Contrary to previous studies, the authors built an integrative approach aiming at interpreting all ancient genomes of the Second plague Pandemic with regards to their historical context. A total number of 126 Y. pestis strains and fifteen ancient genomes were analysed in this study. Five out of the eleven ancient DNA samples dated to the Second Plague Pandemic were part of the first wave of introduction of Y. pestis into Europe during the Black Death.
A new hypothesis
While the origin of the Black Death remains unclear, in their PNAS paper, the authors advance a new hypothesis that relates the onset of the Black Death with the arrival of a considerable variety of fur in the ports of the Black Sea by 1340 from trade routes starting from Sarai.
Just after the Black Death period, the authors confirm the so-calledpestis secundathat occured from 1357 to 1366.
Multiple waves of introduction
Overall, in this new paper published in PNAS, by describing all previously and newly described aDNA ofY. pestisin their historical context, Namouchi and colleagues provided additional evidence that the recurrent plague outbreaks during the Second plague Pandemic were the result of multiple waves of introduction of Y. pestis from a reservoir located in Eastern Europe/Central Asia.
This result is in line with previous studies based on Ecological evidence. Commercial trade routes, including the fur trade route, as-well-as human movement would have contributed to the rapid spread of plague in whole Europe during the Middle Ages.
https://titan.uio.no/node/3133
Full bibliographic information
Amine Namouchi, Meriam Guellil, Oliver Kersten, Stephanie Hänsch, Claudio Ottoni, Boris V. Schmid, Elsa Pacciani, Luisa Quaglia, Marco Vermunt, Egil L. Bauer, Michael Derrick, Anne Ø. Jensen, Sacha Kacki, Samuel K. Cohn Jr., Nils C. Stenseth and Barbara Bramanti: Integrative approach using Yersinia pestis genomes to revisit the historical landscape of plague during the Medieval Period. PNAS, November 26, 2018.
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Source: http://www.ineffableisland.com/2018/11/fur-trade-may-have-spread-plague.html
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