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Characters at the theropod – phytodinosaur split

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Gnathovorax, Herrerasaurus and Staurikosaurus
are basal dinosaurs (herrerasaurids, Fig 1) in the large reptile tree (LRT, 2206 taxa). Thereafter, the first major dichotomy splits theropods from phytodinosaurs. This split is represented by Tawa (basal theropod) and Buriolestes (Fig 1, basal phytodinosaur).

The question today is: which characters in the LRT mark this dichotomy?

LRT characters present in theropods + phytodinosaurs not in herrerasaurids:
2. Skull shorter than cervicals
7. Premaxilla loose
54. Prefrontal fused to postorbital
73. Quadrate vertical – not anterior lean
128. Mandible straight ventrally
129. Nine or more cervicals
135. Cervical rib orientation: slender, low angle
152. Anterior caudal spines about size of centra
195. Tibia / femur ratio not less than 1.0
211. Proximal metatarsals 1 and 5 reduced
223. Pedal digit 5 absent

LRT characters present in phytodinosaurs not in herrerasaurids and theropods:
8. Snout not constricted
74. Quadrate lateral coverage minimal
84. Postorbital extends to posterior parietal
108. Four or more premaxillary teeth
117. Surangular lateral shelf not present
119. Dentary tip straight
127. Retroarticular process straight

LRT characters present in phytodinosaurs not in Buriolestes:
13. Lateral rostral shape convex, smooth curve
14.. Pmx-mx notch 22. Narial opening lateral – not anterolateral
107. Palatal teeth present
112. Maxillary teeth no 2x deeper than wide
113. Most maxilla teeth not canines
114. Posterior maxilla teeth mid orbit – not anterior orbit

LRT characters present in theropods not in herrerasaurids and phytodinosaurs:
11. Dorsal nasal shape narrows toward naris
57. Frontal/nasal angle anteriorly oriented
60. Postfrontal contact with upper temporal fenestra
121. Coronoid process absent
140. Dorsal transverse processes shorter than centra
144. Three or four sacral vertebrae
147. Second caudal transverse process > centrum
157. Furculum
177, 178. Manual digit 4 poorly ossified

The LRT tests 236 multi-state characters and 2206 taxa
from basal chordates to birds, humans, turtles and everything in between. Fossil taxa are included. Poorly preserved partial fossil taxa are included, but not often. The LRT is fully resolved except for one node at present. Academics said that was theoretically unlikely to impossible ten years ago when the the LRT included only 240 taxa. Their hypothesis was not confirmed. Corrections have been made and will continue to be made. New taxa continue to be added. The fact is: the LRT works. Even so, it’s a hypothesis that now requires confirmation, refutation or modification from a competing studies.


Source:
https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/2023/01/22/characters-at-the-theropod-phytodinosaur-split/


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