How to Improve Antioxidant Defense Against Lung Injure and Damage Caused By Second Hand Cigarette Smokes, Suggested by National Institutes of Health Model Studies

Kyle J. Norton

 
Green tea may have a therapeutic and positive effect in protected your lung against damage caused by cigarette smoking, some scientists suggested.

The results of these research were conducted by several respectably institutions such as J American University of Madaba and Policlinico Universitario and published on the online medical literature.

According to the statistic, cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease and death, accounting for more than 480,000 deaths every year, or about 1 in 5 deaths in the US alone.

Green tea, is a precious drink processed numbers of health benefit and known to almost everyone in Asia and Western world.

In the study to investigate outcome of cigarette smoking induced oxidative stress in alternated the cellular antioxidant defense system in facilitated apoptosis in lung tissue, inflammation and damage in rat model random assigned to into four groups, sham air (SA), cigarette smoke (CS), CGT 2% plus SA or plus CS, through an experiment carried out as a single daily dose (1 cigarette/rat) for a period of 90 days, using an electronically controlled smoking machine, researchers found that
* Long term exposure to cigarette smoking catalyzed the balance of ratio of free radicals and antioxidant defense in the tested body, leading to over expression ROS in precipitated cytotoxicity to lung tissue and induced production of proinflammatory cytokines.

* Lung injure and damage due to smoking are observed through the 24 hr collection after last CS exposure from histology and all enzyme assays.

* Lung cells apoptosis are evidenced by the fragmentation of DNA in TUNEL assay.

Application of green tea CGT demonstrated a significant recovery of all pathophysiological and biochemical events expressed from above, particularly, in treatment group given CGT infusion as a drink instead of water.

After taking into account of other co and con founders Dr. Al-Awaida W, the lead researcher said, ” Exposure of albino rat model to cigarette smoke caused oxidative stress, altered the cellular antioxidant defense system, induced apoptosis in lung tissue, inflammation and tissues damage, which could be prevented by supplementation of CGT”.

Moreover, oral administration of green tea bioactive polyphenols Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)
in tested Sprague-Dawley rats randomly divided into four groups, sham air (SA), 4% CS, 2% Lung Chen teaplus SA or 4% CS with SA or 4% CS carried out for 1h/day for 56 days in ventilated smoking chambers, exerted 

* A significant effect in reduced airspace enlargement and goblet cell hyperplasia associated to asthma caused by 56-day CS exposure alone

* A strong effect in restored the balance of antioxidants produced by EGCG and the host natural defense and reactive oxygen species, through suppressing levels of oxidative stress caused by CS.

Additionally, according to the Policlinico Universitario in the study to evalaute the green tea extract in risk of pleurisy, a lung disease caused inflammation of the tissue layers (pleura) lining the lungs and inner chest wall induced by carrageenan, application of green tea extract reduced fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity containing many neutrophils (PMNs), an indication of inflammation.

These results were attributed to green tea property in reduced immune response in initiated and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines such as nitrite/nitrate, tumour necrosis factor alpha and ICAM-1 in activated NF-κB in cellular response to stimuli and increased the expression of adhesion molecules as well as over expression of and poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS) and nitrotyrosine formation.

Nitrite/nitrate are food preservatives added to food to prevent bacteria from growing. Dietary consumption of nitrates are associated to increased risk of cancer(4).

The chemical compounds may induce cell cytotoxicity, if taking in some amounts.
Truly, serum of nitrite/nitrate are in high levels in patient with inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis, according to BMJ journals(5).

Tumor necrosis factor is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) plays an important role in systemic inflammation of the acute phase reaction. Over expression of tumor necrosis factor can results of tissue damage and apoptosis to nearby healthy cells.

ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1) plays an essential role to immune response in facilitated directly inflammatory expression.

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a family of proteins involved in a number of cellular processes. Over expression of PARP may alter cellular DNA in induction of early stage of carcinogenesis(6).

An increase of nitrotyrosine and impairment of antioxidant defense systems are associated patients with inflammatory diseases such as diabetes. But in smoke exposure, nitrotyrosine formation is an indication of lung cell apoptosis.

D. Chan KH, the lead author at the final phase of analysis, suggested that green tea extract exerts a protective effect and offers a novel therapeutic approach for the management of lung injury.

The  findings suggested that green tea, its extract and bioactive polyphenols EGCG may be considered as function foods in protection of lung tissue injure, damage and cell death due to long term exposure to cigarette smoking.

However, further data collection on studies performed with human consumption during the course of the investigation will be necessary to complete the picture of its protective effect of the lung in exposure to cigarette smoking.

Intake of green tea supplement should be taken with extreme care as acute liver toxicity was reported in numbers of case in medical literature.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrients, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it’s news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada – Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Chinese green tea consumption reduces oxidative stress, inflammation and tissues damage in smoke exposed rats by Al-Awaida W1, Akash M2, Aburubaiha Z1, Talib WH3, Shehadeh H4(PubMed)
(2) Green tea polyphenol extract attenuates lung injury in experimental model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy in mice by Di Paola R1, Mazzon E, Muià C, Genovese T, Menegazzi M, Zaffini R, Suzuki H, Cuzzocrea S.(PubMed)
(3) Chinese green tea ameliorates lung injury in cigarette smoke-exposed rats by Chan KH1, Ho SP, Yeung SC, So WH, Cho CH, Koo MW, Lam WK, Ip MS, Man RY, Mak JC.(PubMed)
(4) Dietary Nitrates, Nitrites, and Nitrosamines Intake and the Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis by Peng Song,1,† Lei Wu,2,† and Wenxian Guan1(PMC)
(5) Serum nitrate and nitrite levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis byY Ersoy1, E Özerol2, Ö Baysal1, I Temel2, R S MacWalter3, Ü Meral1, Z E Altay(BMJ Journals)

(6) Overexpression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in the early stage of colorectal carcinogenesis by Nosho K1, Yamamoto H, Mikami M, Taniguchi H, Takahashi T, Adachi Y, Imamura A, Imai K, Shinomura Y.(PubMed)