Fossil Discovery Adds to Understanding of How Geological Changes Affected Evolution of Mammalian Life

The fossil discovery occurred in the Pontide terrane, an area in present-day Turkey that was once an island located between contemporary Asia and Africa.

Islands in evolutionary science

The environment of what was once an island makes the site particularly conducive to the study of evolutionary processes.

“Evolution in many ways is easier to study on an island than in someplace like North America because it’s a simpler ecosystem,” said paper coauthor K. Christopher Beard, a paleontologist at the University of Kansas (KU) and senior curator with KU’s Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum.

Added Dena Smith of NSF’s Geosciences Directorate (GEO), which funded the research: “While islands are important corridors for animals to move between landmasses, this work demonstrates that islands can also be places where species become isolated and evolve in place.”

While a poor fossil record is a challenge that researchers commonly face, the site in Turkey is particularly fruitful for the research.

“Here, we’re able to study in great detail how this ancient island evolved — where organisms came from, how they got there and when they got there,” Beard said. “No other ecosystem on the face of the planet from any time period perfectly matches what we’re finding. It’s a completely unique mammalian ecosystem, much as Madagascar is today.”

Beard said that the two newly described fossil marsupials lived atop the food chain because other carnivores were unable to reach the small island.

Altered hierarchy

But the marsupials’ dominant status changed, according to the researchers, when tectonic plate movement joined the ancient island with the larger landmass. That joining enabled potential predators and competitors to access the environment.

Neither of the newly discovered species has living descendants.

Fossils of the archaic ungulate Hilalia eroding from Eocene (geologic epoch 56 to 33.9 million years ago) outcrops in northern Turkey

Credit: Chris Beard, University of Kansas

“One thing we know for sure is that the incredibly interesting and unique biota that occurred on this island was totally eradicated at some point as the island reconnected to mainland Eurasia and more cosmopolitan animals were able to access it,” Beard said. “The truth that paleontology reveals is that, given enough time, all island fauna are doomed to extinction. Islands are cul-de-sacs of evolution — even though they’re wonderful places to study processes of evolution.”

New model

Beard said the team’s findings overturn a prevailing model of evolution, which holds that the key criteria for animals’ access to an island are its size and its distance from the colonizing animals’ source territory. The geological context is likely of greater importance, he said.

He compared the former island to Sulawesi, a contemporary Indonesian island, which contains a mix of animals from Asia and those related to New Guinea.

“If you look at plate tectonics today, Sulawesi is getting sandwiched between Australia and Asia in much the same way the Pontide was sandwiched between Africa and Asia,” he said.

Collaborating in the research were Grégoire Métais of Sorbonne Université in Paris, John R. Kappelman of the University of Texas, Alexis Licht of the University of Washington, Faruk Ocakoğlu of Eskişehir Osmangazi University in Turkey, and KU’s Pauline M.C. Coster and Michael H. Taylor.

Contacts and sources:
Stanley Dambroski, National Science Foundation (NSF)
Cheryl Dybas, NSF
Brendan Lynch, University of Kansas,