Does Anyone Really Know What a Black Hole Is?
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A black hole is conventionally thought of as an astronomical object that irrevocably consumes all matter and radiation which comes within its sphere of influence. Physically, a black hole is defined by the presence of a singularity, i.e., a region of space, bounded by an ‘event horizon’, within which the mass/energy density becomes infinite, and the normally well-behaved laws of physics no longer apply.
What is a black hole? In an article that has just appeared in the journal Nature Astronomy, LMU philosopher Erik Curiel shows that physicists use different definitions of the concept, depending on their own particular fields of interest.
However, as an article in the January issue of the journal Nature Astronomy demonstrates, a precise and agreed definition of this ‘singular’ state proves to be frustratingly elusive. Its author, Dr. Erik Curiel of the Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy at LMU, summarizes the problem as follows: “The properties of black holes are the subject of investigations in a range of subdisciplines of physics – in optical physics, in quantum physics and of course in astrophysics. But each of these specialties approaches the problem with its own specific set of theoretical concepts.”
Erik Curiel studied Philosophy as well as Theoretical Physics at Harvard University and the University of Chicago, and the primary aim of his current DFG-funded research project is to develop a precise philosophical description of certain puzzling aspects of modern physics. “Phenomena such as black holes belong to a realm that is inaccessible to observation and experiment. Work based on the assumption that black holes exist therefore involves a level of speculation that is unusual even for the field of theoretical physics.” However, this difficulty is what makes the physical approach to the nature of black holes so interesting from the philosophical point of view. “The physical perspective on black holes is itself inextricably bound up with philosophical issues relating to ontological, metaphysical and methodological considerations,” says Curiel.
“Surprising” and “eye-opening” insights
During the preparation of his philosophical analysis of the concept of black holes for Nature Astronomy, the author spoke to physicists involved in a wide range of research fields. In the course of these conversations, he was given quite different definitions of a black hole. Importantly, however, each was used in a self-consistent way within the bounds of the specialist discipline concerned. Curiel himself describes these discussions as “surprising” and “eye-opening”.
For astrophysicist Avi Loeb, “a black hole is the ultimate prison: once you check in, you can never get out.” On the other hand, theoretical physicist Domenico Giulini regards it as “conceptually problematical to think of black holes as objects in space, things that can move and be pushed around.”
Curiel’s own take-home-message is that the very diversity of definitions of black holes is a positive sign, as it enables physicists to approach the phenomenon from a variety of physical perspectives. However, in order to make productive use of this diversity of viewpoints, it will be important to cultivate a greater awareness of the differences in emphasis between them.
Contacts and sources:
Dr. Kathrin Bilgeri
Citation: The many definitions of a black hole.
Erik Curiel. Nature Astronomy, 2019; 3 (1): 27 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-018-0602-1
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Whistler Blowers, Insiders
I believe a black hole does not exist to an outside observer because the slowing of time in the gravity field leads to an infinite amount of time necessary for the completion of the black hole. However, if you are swallowed by a black hole and somehow manage to retain cognizance, the completion of a black hole may be very rapid to your slowed perception. Perhaps everything and everyone is in the gravity field of all black holes, thus leaving no outside observers, and thereby reducing the time for black hole completion to less than infinity. However, if inside gravity field observers’ slowed time cannot ever overcome the infinite slowing of black hole completion, then maybe black holes cannot exist as they would not reach completion for even inside observers.
What if the whole universe is a massive black hole so large that objects are not shredded by massive gravity differentials over minute distances? The expanding cosmos and accelerating distances between stellar objects may be due to the gravity differential of the massive black hole universe pulling harder on more distant objects, or inversely on closer objects. The center of this massive black hole universe may be wherever the observer is located. As space-time is stretched toward the observer center, more distant objects are effectively made further away similar to two points on a sheet of rubber that is stretched. If you could travel at the speed of light, which is instant travel since your time would slow to a stop at that speed, you could still never escape out of this black hole universe (or any black hole) because the inside of the black hole is expanding faster than light speed, or expanding backward in time.
Our universe may be the inside of a black hole with us at the center. The expansion of the inside of this black hole may be faster than light speed so that regardless of when the universe was created, it continues to get infinitely older than it’s point of origin. At a far enough distance, the big bang may still be occurring. It’s also possible that the Big Bang is the center of the black hole universe. Since the Big Bang is always so distant that we can never catch up to it even at light speed due to its faster than light speed expansion, it is effectively moving backward in time and thus condensing to a theoretical singularity or near singularity.
Every point in space-time is both the center and edge of the universe depending on perspective. You exist in the oldest part of the universe because light which travels instantly comes from a younger part, hence the deeper you peer into space with a telescope, the younger the galaxies become. You also exist in the youngest part of the universe because if you travel at light speed, which is instant for you since no time passes for the light speed traveler, you will arrive at the distant young galaxies you saw, and find that they have burnt out long ago.
Black holes are expanding and contracting at the same time depending on perspective. Everything seems to be contracting into the black hole, but the black hole is contracting infinitely faster than everything that can fall into it, so it is effectively expanding. The Universe is no different. It is just a large enough black hole that our place and time in it is such that the gravity differential is not strong enough to tear us apart over short distances.