Intersection forms, exotic smooth structures, and particle vertices in the TGD framework
Gary Ehlenberg sent an email telling about his discussion with GPT related to exotic smooth structures. The timing was perfect. I was just yesterday evening pondering what the exotic smooth structures as ordinary smooth structures with defects could really mean and how to get a concrete grasp of them.
Here are some facts about the exotic smooth structures. I do not count myself as a real mathematician but the results give a very useful perspective.
Summary of the basic findings about exotic smooth structures
The study of exotic R4‘s has led to numerous significant mathematical developments, particularly in the fields of differential topology, gauge theory, and 4-manifold theory. Here are some key developments:
- Donaldson’s Theorems
Simon Donaldson’s groundbreaking work in the early 1980s revolutionized the study of smooth 4-manifolds. His theorems provided new invariants, known as Donaldson polynomials, which distinguish between different smooth structures on 4-manifolds.
Donaldson’s Diagonalization Theorem: This theorem states that the intersection form of a smooth, simply connected 4-manifold must be diagonalizable over the integers, provided the manifold admits a smooth structure. This result was crucial in showing that some topological 4-manifolds cannot have a smooth structure.
Donaldson s Polynomial Invariants: These invariants help classify and distinguish different smooth structures on 4-manifolds, particularly those with definite intersection forms.
Michael Freedman’s work, which earned him a Fields Medal in 1986, provided a complete classification of simply connected topological 4-manifolds. His results showed that every such manifold is determined by its intersection form up to homeomorphism.
h-Cobordism and the Disk Embedding Theorem: Freedman’s proof of the h-cobordism theorem in dimension 4 and the disk embedding theorem were instrumental in his classification scheme.
The development of Seiberg-Witten invariants provided a new set of tools for studying smooth structures on 4-manifolds, complementing and sometimes simplifying the methods introduced by Donaldson.
Seiberg-Witten Invariants: These invariants are simpler to compute than Donaldson invariants and have been used to prove the existence of exotic smooth structures on 4-manifolds.
Gauge theory, particularly through the study of solutions to the Yang-Mills equations, has provided deep insights into the structure of 4-manifolds.
Instantons: The study of instantons (solutions to the self-dual Yang-Mills equations) has been crucial in understanding the differential topology of 4-manifolds. Instantons and their moduli spaces have been used to define Donaldson and Seiberg-Witten invariants.
The interaction between symplectic and complex geometry with 4-manifold theory has led to new discoveries and techniques.
Gompf’s Construction of Symplectic 4-Manifolds: Robert Gompf’s work on constructing symplectic 4-manifolds provided new examples of exotic smooth structures. His techniques often involve surgeries and handle decompositions that preserve symplectic structures.
Symplectic Surgeries: Techniques such as symplectic sum and Luttinger surgery have been used to construct new examples of 4-manifolds with exotic smooth structures.
Floer homology, originally developed in the context of 3-manifolds, has been extended to 4-manifolds and provides a powerful tool for studying their smooth structures.
Instanton Floer Homology: This theory associates a homology group to a 3-manifold, which can be used to study the 4-manifolds that bound them. It has applications in understanding the exotic smooth structures on 4-manifolds.
The study of exotic R4‘s has also influenced developments in TQFT, where the smooth structure of 4-manifolds plays a crucial role. TQFTs are sensitive to the smooth structures of the underlying manifolds, and exotic R4‘s provide interesting examples for testing and developing these theories.
To sum up, the exploration of exotic R4‘s has led to significant advances across various areas of mathematics, particularly in the understanding of smooth structures on 4-manifolds. Key developments include Donaldson and Seiberg-Witten invariants, Freedman s topological classification, advancements in gauge theory, symplectic and complex geometry, Floer homology, and topological quantum field theory. These contributions have profoundly deepened our understanding of the unique and complex nature of 4-dimensional manifolds.
How exotic smooth structures appear in TGD
The recent TGD view of particle vertices relies on exotic smooth structures emerging in D=4. For a background see this, this , and this .
- In TGD string world sheets are replaced with 4-surfaces in H=M4xCP2 which allow generalized complex structure as also M4 and H.
The generalized complex structure is introduced for M4, for H=M4× CP2 and for the space-time surface X4 ⊂ H.
- The generalized complex structure of M4 is a fusion of hypercomplex structure and complex structure involving slicing of M4 by string world sheets and partonic 2-surfaces transversal to each other. String world sheets allow hypercomplex structure and partonic 2-surface complex structure. Hypercomplex coordinates of M4 consist of a pair of light-like coordinates as a generalization of a light-coordinate of M2 and complex coordinate as a generalization of a complex coordinate for E2.
- One obtains a generalized complex structure for H=M4×CP2 with 1 hypercomplex coordinate and 3 complex coordinates.
- One can use a suitably selected hypercomplex coordinate and a complex coordinate of H as generalized complex coordinates for X4 in regions where the induced metric is Minkowskian. In regions where it is Euclidean one has two complex coordinates for X4.
This conjecture gives a general solution of classical field equations. Space-time surface X4 is defined as a zero locus for two functions of generalized complex coordinates of H, which are generalized-holomorphic and thus depend on 3 complex coordinates and one light-like coordinate. X4 is a minimal surface apart from singularities at which the minimal surface property fails. This irrespective of action assuming that it is constructed in terms of the induced geometry. X4 generalizes the complex submanifold of algebraic geometry.
At X4 the trace of the second fundamental form, Hk, vanishes. Physically this means that the generalized acceleration for a 3-D particle vanishes i.e one has free massless particle. Equivalently, one has a geometrization of a massless field. This means particle-field duality.
The light-like surface X3 is topologically 3-D but metrically 2-D and corresponds to a light-like orbit of a partonic 2-surface at which the induced metric of X4 changes its signature from Minkowskian to Euclidean. At X3 a generalized complex structure of X4 changes from Minkowskian to its Euclidean variant.
If the embedding is generalized-holomorphic, the induced metric of X4 degenerates to an effective 2-D metric at at X3 so that the topologically 4-D tangent space is effectively 2-D metrically.
At 2-D singularities X2, which I propose to be counterparts of 4-D smooth structure, the minimal surface property fails. X2 is a hypercomplex analog of a pole of complex functions and 2-D. It is analogous to a source of a massless field.
At X2 the generalized complex structure fails such that the trace of the second fundamental form generalizing acceleration for a point-like particle develops a delta function like singularity. This singularity develops for the hypercomplex part of the generalized complex structure and one has as an analog a pole of analytic function at which analyticity fails. At X2 the tangent space is 4-D rather than 2-D as elsewhere at the partonic orbit.
At X2 there is an infinite generalized acceleration. This generalizes Brownian motion of a point-like particle as a piecewise free motion. The partonic orbits could perform Brownian motion and the 2-D singularities correspond to vertices for particle reactions.
At least the creation of a fermion-antifermion pair occurs at this kind of singularity. Fermion turns backwards in time. Without these singularities fermion and antifermion number would be separately conserved and TGD would be trivial as a physical theory.
This is the conjecture that I would like to understand better and here my limitations as a mathematician are the problem.
I can only ask questions inspired by the result that the intersection form I (X4) for 2-D homologically non-trivial surfaces of X4 detects the defects of the ordinary smooth structure, which should correspond to surfaces X2, i.e. vertices for a pair creation.
- In homology, the defect should correspond to an intersection point of homologically non-trivial 2-surfaces identifiable as wormhole throats, which correspond to homologically non-trivial 2-surfaces of CP2. This suggests that I(X41) for X41 containing the singularity/vertex differs from I(X42) when X4 does not contain the vertex.
- Singularities contribute to the intersection form. The creation of fermion-antifermion pair has an interpretation in terms of closed monopole flux tubes. A closed monopole flux tube with wormhole contacts at its “ends” splits into two by reconnection. The vertex at which the particle is created, should contribute to the intersection form: the fermion-antifermion vertex as the intersection point?
For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.
Source: http://matpitka.blogspot.com/2024/05/intersection-forms-exotic-smooth.html
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