Supereruptions Trigger Found

 (Illustration: Nigel Hawtin / ESRF)

Until now, scientists could only speculate about what triggers a supereruption. One possible mechanism was thought to be the overpressure in the magma chamber generated through density differences between the less dense molten magma and the comparatively more dense rock in the surroundings. “The effect is comparable to the buoyancy of a football filled with air underwater, which is forced upwards by the denser water around it,” says Wim Malfait, first author of the study, until recently at ETH Zurich and now a researcher at Empa.

For the magma to break through the crustal rock above the magma chamber and carve out a path to the surface, it needs an overpressure level that is 100 to 400 times higher than air pressure (10 to 40 megapascals). In order to investigate whether the differences in density can generate such high pressure, the density of the magma melt and the surrounding rock material needs to be known. Until now, however, that of the magma melt could not be gauged directly.
Magma density determined for the first time

The researchers from ETH Zurich have now succeeded in determining the density of supervolcanic magma for the first time with the aid of x-rays from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France, which they used to study artificially produced magma melts under different pressure and temperature conditions. Both the melts and the pressure and temperature conditions corresponded to the natural conditions of a supervolcano, according to the scientists. Moreover, the researchers varied the water content of the melts. Via the different parameters, they formulated mathematical equations, which helped them to reconstruct the conditions in a supervolcano.

Lake Toba – 30 by 90 kilometres in size – in the northern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra was formed approximately 74’000 years ago during the eruption of a supervolcano. 

Photo: Google Maps, Terrametrics

“Our results reveal that if the magma chamber is big enough, the overpressure caused by differences in density alone are sufficient to penetrate the crust above and initiate an eruption,” says Sanchez-Valle. Mechanisms that favoured conventional volcanic eruptions, such as the saturation of the magma with water vapour or tectonic tension, could be a contributory factor but are not necessary to trigger a supereruption, the researchers stress in a study published in the journal “Nature Geoscience”. In an additional, independent study in the same issue of the journal scientists of the University of Geneva and other research institutions conclude from computational modelling that melt buoyancy is indeed key to the eruption of supervolcanos.

Supervolcanos are considered a rare but serious threat. As they are not easy to spot on account of their unusual appearance, new ones are still being discovered today. Supereruptions generally eject at least 450 but sometimes even several thousands of cubic kilometres of rock material and ash to the surface and into the atmosphere. In the event of explosive eruptions, ash and rock fragments with their environmentally harmful chemical components can rise over thirty kilometres up into the atmosphere and have a devastating impact on the climate and life on Earth. The spectacular and serious eruptions of Krakatoa (1883) and Tambora (1815), both conventional volcanos in present-day Indonesia, were comparatively “harmless” and the masses they emitted only amounted to a few per cent of a supereruption.

Literature Reference

Malfait WJ, Seifert R, Petitgirard S, Perrillat JP, Mezouar M, Ota T, Nakamura E, Lerch P, Sanchez-Valle C: Supervolcano eruptions driven by melt buoyancy in large silicic magma chambers. Nature Geoscience, Advance Online Publication, 5 January 2014, doi:10.1038/ngeo2042 

Caricchi L, Annen C, Blundy J, Simpson G, Pinel V: Frequency and magnitude of volcanic eruptions controlled by magma injection and buoyancy. Nature Geoscience, Advance Online Publication, 5 January 2014, doi:10.1038/ngeo2041