Nanoarray Sniffs Out and Distinguishes Multiple Diseases
Before modern medical lab techniques became available, doctors diagnosed some diseases by smelling a patient’s breath. Scientists have been working for years to develop analytical instruments that can mimic this sniff-and-diagnose ability.
Exhaled breath contains nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen, as well as a small amount of more than 100 other volatile chemical components. The relative amounts of these substances vary depending on the state of a person’s health. As far back as around 400 B.C., Hippocrates told his students to “smell your patients’ breath” to search for clues of diseases such as diabetes (which creates a sweet smell).
Schematic representation of the concept and design of the study, which involved collection of breath samples from 1404 patients diagnosed with one of 17 different diseases. One breath sample obtained from each subject was analyzed with the artificially intelligent nanoarray for disease diagnosis and classification (represented by patterns in the illustration), and a second sample was analyzed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to explore its chemical composition.
The researchers developed an array of nanoscale sensors to detect the individual components in thousands of breath samples from patients who were either healthy or had one of 17 different diseases, such as kidney cancer or Parkinson’s disease. By analyzing the results with artificial intelligence techniques, the team could use the array to classify and diagnose the conditions.
The team used mass spectrometry to identify the breath components associated with the diseases. They found that each disease produces a unique volatile chemical breathprint, based on differing amounts of 13 components. They also showed that the presence of one disease would not prevent the detection of others – a prerequisite for developing a practical device to screen and diagnose various diseases in a noninvasive, inexpensive and portable manner.
The authors acknowledge funding from the ERC and LCAOS of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development, the EuroNanoMed Program under VOLGACORE and the Latvian Council of Science.
Contacts and sources:
Michael Bernstein
The American Chemical Society
ACS Nano
Source:
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