Clades are not “the only natural groups”
Clades are not “the only natural groups”, as cladists assert (claim, define), but instead an inconsistent (ie, contradictory) class, actually an infinite recursion (ie, infinite loop). Cladistics thus ought to be provided with a warning flag rather than taught at educational institutions.
Fact is, instead, that the class clade is a paradox, as Bertrand Russell revealed (ie, Russell’s paradox) already a hundred years ago. Assuming that this paradox composes a “natural group”, as Willi Hennig did and cladists do with their idea of a ”True Tree of Life”, does not change the fact that it is a paradox, ie, in practice an infinite recursion (ie, infinite loop), and thus neither that it as such only has contradictory solutions and thus in practice is empty (void).
Clades are thus not “the only natural groups” simply because the concept clade in practice is empty (void).
Another contribution to understanding of conceptualization http://menvall.wordpress.com/
Read more at Menvall’s Blog: change on different levels
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