Blast waves in the Sun’s atmosphere

The Sun still has some tricks up its sleeve for humans to ponder, as phys.org reports: ‘The waves…extended over at least half a million kilometers and propagated at a speed of approximately 300 kilometers per second’.

Two teams of researchers led by Nariaki Nitta from the Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center in the USA and by Radoslav Bucík from the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS) in Germany have independently discovered a new solar phenomenon: large-scale waves in the star’s atmosphere accompanied by energetic particle emissions rich in helium-3. Helium-3 is a light variety of the inert gas helium.

The huge waves may contribute significantly to accelerate the particles into space, the MPS scientists now report in the Astrophysical Journal. Decisive for this discovery were the two spacecraft STEREO A and ACE making it possible to simultaneously observe the sun from two different directions. In the near future, no such opportunity will arise again.

The sun is a highly eruptive star: again and again it emits energetic particles and radiation into space in violent outbursts. Examples of outbursts are the coronal mass ejections (CMEs) where a plasma of electrons, protons, and a few heavy atoms is hurled into space, as well as short, collimated X-ray flares. Both phenomena occur in connection with so-called solar eruptions.

Two research groups have now independently discovered a completely new type of solar ejection in observational data: large wave fronts in the sun’s atmosphere together with particle flows rich in helium-3. The waves could be tracked down by looking at the sun’s atmosphere in extreme ultraviolet light.

The waves detected in data from 26 January and 2 February 2010 extended over at least half a million kilometers and propagated at a speed of approximately 300 kilometers per second. They occurred shortly after a weak X-ray flash, but differ significantly from this typical jet-like form of radiation.

Coronal mass ejections as a trigger of the waves were not observed. “The new phenomenon is like a kind of explosion,” said Bucik, who headed the team of researchers at the MPS, the Johns Hopkins University, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the US.Simultaneously with the blast waves, the sun hurls a particle stream rich in helium-3 into space.

Particle emissions of this kind have been well-known for years, but could never be fully explained. “We believe that the blast waves accelerate the helium-3”, says Davina Innes from the MPS. “Our analysis shows that typical characteristics of the waves, such as their energy, influence the properties of the particles”, adds her colleague Lijia Guo, also stationed at the MPS.

However, how exactly this works, is still unclear.

Source: Blast waves in the sun’s atmosphere