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One-Two Punch for Ultimate Mass Extinction: What Really Killed the Dinosaurs

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University of Florida geochemist Andrea Dutton and colleagues at the University of Michigan have utilized a new technique of analysis to reconstruct Antarctic ocean temperatures that support the idea that the combined impacts of volcanic eruptions and an asteroid impact brought about one of Earth’s biggest mass extinctions 66 million years ago.

Their research, published in the journal “Nature Communications,” used a recently developed technique called the carbonate clumped isotope paleothermometer to analyze the chemical composition of fossil shells in the Antarctic Ocean. This analysis shows that ocean temperatures rose approximately 14 degrees Fahrenheit, and links these findings to two previously documented warming events that occurred near the end of the Cretaceous Period: one related to volcanic eruptions in India, and the other, tied to the impact of an asteroid or comet on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.

The reigning theory as to why the dinosaurs died out 65 million years ago has been asteroids, specifically the Baptisina family of asteroids.
Credit:  Don Davis/NASA
To create their new temperature record, which spans 3.5 million years at the end of the Cretaceous and the start of the Paleogene Period, the researchers analyzed the isotopic composition of 29 remarkably well-preserved shells of clam-like bivalves collected on Antarctica’s Seymour Island.

The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg.) boundary is widely associated with the mass extinction that occurred 66 million years ago. It is actually a physical boundary usually marked by a thin band of rock found in geological structures all around the world. Scientists have shown that the K-Pg boundary contains iridium, also found in asteroids, meteorites and comets, bolstering the theory that an asteroid killed most of the creatures of the Cretaceous Period.

Credit: University of Florida

As a graduate student herself at the University of Michigan, Dutton studied the fossilized remains of Seymour Island bivalves with the hope of reconstructing past climate change across this critical interval of time. However, the only experimental evidence available at the time revealed a combined signal of temperature and salinity of the coastal waters, without being able to isolate the temperature signal on its own.

“Now, years later, everyone is using this new tool called clumped isotope paleothermometery, which is a bit different than the traditional method,” said Dutton. “This technique is only a function of temperature. Salinity has nothing to do with it. We’re looking at the clumping of oxygen isotopes rather than the relative amount of oxygen isotopes in the shell, and this is helping us re-interpret the data.”

The data show two significant temperature spikes. The first corresponds to the eruption of the Deccan traps flood basalts. The other lines up exactly with the asteroid impact, which, in turn, may have sparked a renewed phase of volcanism in India. Intriguingly, both events are associated with extinction events of nearly equal magnitude on Seymour Island, Antarctica.

Artist’s concept of Deccan traps flood basalts and dinosaur death
Credit: National Science Foundation, Zina Deretsky

“…We have evidence on this site on Seymour Island in Antarctica that climate change is linked to both of these extinction events, right before the boundary and right at the boundary,” said Dutton. “If you look at what types of species that went extinct during the first extinction pulse, they’re different than the types that went extinct during the second pulse. That indicates that it may have been a different kill mechanism for those two different extinction pulses. It’s quite likely both the volcanism and the asteroid were to blame for the ultimate mass extinction. The Deccan Traps weakened the ecosystems before the asteroid slammed into the Earth– it’s consistent with an idea called the press-pulse hypothesis: a ‘one-two punch’ that proved devastating for life on Earth.”
Contacts and sources:
Andrea Dutton
University of Florida


Source: http://www.ineffableisland.com/2016/07/one-two-punch-for-ultimate-mass.html


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    Total 3 comments
    • HfjNUlYZ

      A more realistic theory is that the dinosaurs were wiped out by one of the close encounters with Planet X as it makes it 18,000 year orbit that brings it into our galaxy. It also is most likely to have caused the flood in Noah’s time. Sounds crazy right? Will you be ready for our next encounter with Planet X?

      Planet X has always been one of those subjects that has always puzzled me. I was very curious about what the real story was and the more I searched for answers, the more I floundered in all the guesses, scare tactics and religious hype. Planet X scared the crap out of me, but if it there was any truth to it, I wanted to know it so I could be prepared.
      So several months ago I started an endeavor to dig as deep and wide as I needed in order to pull up and test all the facts. So after I put it all together, information from scientists, NASA and other government sources, as well as very credible facts that countered the official line, and tons of historical data and calculations.
      I put it all together in a big book that was fairly easy for most of us to understand and at the same time included so many facts in a format that makes it easy to dig deep. Now you can read all about and discover what and why the government has been covering up. If Planet X does get close to Earth, what is likely to happen and where, and what you can do to prepare.
      While there are many predictions from astronomers and others included in this book, what was really fascinating to me were the predictions of two ordinary people. We’ll maybe not really that ordinary. You see a contacted two psychics. Before you say “What!” let me explain. These are not the kind of psychics that are on TV or offer to help you for huge sums of money. These two psychics live quiet, ordinary lives but are extremely accurate. I know both of them and I’m always amazed with their accuracy. Whatever they are tuned into, it is very real and powerful! So, independently, I contacted both of them and got some interesting and shocking answers. What amazed me was that both of them predicted the same year! While it’s not this year, it is still close enough that we need to be prepared!
      But, please, I don’t want you to rush off to a mountaintop or neglect your duties here on Earth or bury your head in the sand. And I don’t want you to take all my opinions as fact. The purpose of this book is to present you with all the credible facts in one easy to understand book so you can make your decisions and come up with the right conclusions for yourself!

      http://www.blue-planet-project.com/Nibiru-2015-Planet-X.html

      • HfjNUlYZ

        You might want to take a science class one of these days. Just sayin’.

    • HfjNUlYZ

      A lot of fun fantasy in all these “theories.” But, theories change and become extinct themselves, only to be replaced by another sure-shot theory, that ends up just as unreal.

      The dinosaurs went extinct 4,000 years ago in the midst of the world-wide flood. No theory, just reality.

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