Energy Is Made to Flow "Against the Current" on a Quantum Scale Without Contradicting the Laws of Physics
In a classical thermodynamic system, the heat current flows from the hotter body to the colder one, or electricity from the higher voltage to the lower one.
As Rubio stressed, this does not constitute “an infringement of any fundamental theorem of physics nor is energy created out of nothing. What happens is that the fact of looking, of inserting an observer into the system, acts as an obstacle, as if you were to close off the channel in a pipeline through which the water is flowing. Obviously, if the load starts to build up, it would end up going in the opposite direction. In other words, the observer projects the state of the system onto a state that transmits the current or energy in opposite directions”.
Rubio remembers the surprise when discovering that inserting the quantum observer caused the directions of the current and the transfer of energy to change: “Initially we thought it was an error. We expected to come across changes and we thought it would be possible to halt the transport, but we didn’t expect there was going to be a complete change of flow”.
These changes in the direction of the current can also be made in a controlled way. Depending on where the observer is inserted, the flow can be changed, but there are “specific areas in the device in which despite looking, the direction does not change,” he explained.
Difficulties for experimental design
Controlling the heat and current of particles in this way could open up the door to various strategies for designing quantum transport devices with directionality control of the injection of currents for applications in thermoelectrics, spintronics, phononics and detection, among others. But Ángel Rubio believes these applications are a long way off because he sees limitations in the design of the observers: “We have worked from a theoretical perspective in which we have proposed a simple model and the theory can be easily verified because all the energy and entropy flows are preserved. Carrying out this process experimentally would be another matter. Although the type of device that would need to be designed exists, and producing it would be feasible, right now there is no possibility of doing this in a controlled way”.
Faced with this situation, the research group is now exploring other, similar ideas, “other mechanisms as an alternative to quantum observers which would allow similar effects to be achieved and which would be more realistic when it comes to implementing them experimentally”.
Contacts and sources:’
Citation: Controlling heat and particle currents in nanodevices by quantum observation. R. Biele, C. A. Rodríguez-Rosario, T. Frauenheim, A. Rubio. npj Quantum Materials 2, article number: 38 (2017). doi:10.1038/s41535-017-0043-6
Source: http://www.ineffableisland.com/2017/10/energy-is-made-to-flow-against-current.html
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