Cyborg Astrobiologist Uses Phone-Cam To Search For Signs Of Life

 

The Cyborg Astrobiologist in action in the recent West Virginia field test. On the left is a rocky outcrop, with spots covered with the yellow sporing bodies of lichens. On the right is another portion of the outcrop, which featured a coalbed with cleats. 

Credit: P.C. McGuire, A. Bonnici, R.A. Smosna, K.R. Bruner/Freie Universitat Berlin, West VirginiaU./CSIC-INTA/U. Malta/U. Chicago

Members of McGuire’s team, which include researchers from the Freie Universität, West Virginia University, the Centro de Astrobiología in Madrid and the University of Malta have been working for over a decade towards giving more scientific autonomy to robotic rovers in choosing the most promising sites for geological and astrobiological investigation. In the Cyborg Astrobiologist system, initially the human astrobiologist takes images of his/her surroundings using a mobile phone camera. These images are sent to via Bluetooth to a laptop, which processes the images to detect novel colours and textures and communicates back to the astrobiologist the degree of similarity to previous images stored in the database.

“Over the years, our system has shrunk down from a camera on a tripod and wearable computer, to a small laptop and a phone-cam,” said McGuire. “We are now working to speed up the image compression analysis and put the whole system onto a Smartphone – and eventually onto a Mars rover!”

 

Field tests in 2009 of the Cyborg Astrobiologist in Utah. 

Credit: P.C. McGuire, L. Wendt, B. Foing, C. Gross /Freie Universität Berlin, /CSIC-INTA/U. Malta/ESTEC/U. Chicago

The robotic rovers currently exploring Mars are heavily reliant on guidance from scientists back on Earth to detect areas that are most interesting for further analysis. The time delay in transmitting and receiving the commands can take between 4 and 24 minutes depending on the relative positions of Earth and Mars on their orbital paths. Exploration would be speeded up significantly if the rovers could identify autonomously unusual colours and textures created by geochemical or biological processes that may be a sign of past or present life.

 

Results from the 2009 tests of the Cyborg Astrobiologist’s novelty detection system with the Bluetooth-enabled Phone-cam in Utah. (Left to Right): The 31st image was completely dull and familiar from a color point of view, so the novelty map was empty.The 40th image had a mudstone of dark brown color, which was the first time this color had been observed during these tests. Hence the dark brown mudstone was judged as novel in the novelty map.The 53rd image had some yellow and orange and green lichens in it, which the Hopfield neural network had no problem in deciding that they were novel features. 

Credit: P.C. McGuire, L. Wendt, C. Gross, A. Bonnici/Freie Universität Berlin,/CSIC-INTA/U. Malta/U. Chicago

Tests of the Cyborg Astrobiologist system have been conducted at field sites with similarities to landscapes that are found on Mars, imaging gypsum cliffs, red-bed sandstones, limestones, mudstones and coalbeds. Some rocks have been partly covered with lichen, a life-form that can possibly spread to/from other planets. Matching images with similar features in images from the database has been very successful.

 

Similarity match of yellow sporing-bodies of lichens from the 2013 West Virginia field tests. 

Credit: P.C. McGuire, A. Bonnici, R.A. Smosna, K.R. Bruner/Freie Universitat Berlin, West VirginiaU./CSIC-INTA/U. Malta/U. Chicago

“In our most recent tests at a former coal mine in West Virginia, the similarity-matching by the computer agreed with the judgement of our human geologists 91% of the time. The novelty detection also worked well, although there were some issues in differentiating between features that are similar in colour but different in texture, like yellow lichen and sulphur-stained coalbeds. However, for a first test of the technique, it looks very promising,” said McGuire. These results of the Cyborg Astrobiologist’s field-work in West Virginia are currently under review for publication by the International Journal of Astrobiology.

 

Comparison of novel yellow sporing-bodies of lichen, compared to the platy rock texture previously seen. This example shows a case when the similarity score was rather low. Lower than 39% is considered to be low for this 2013 West Virginia field test. The computer agrees with the human geologists that the first-observed yellow lichen was indeed novel.

Credit: P.C. McGuire, A. Bonnici, R.A. Smosna, K.R. Bruner/Freie Universitat Berlin, West VirginiaU./CSIC-INTA/U. Malta/U. Chicago

 

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