Five Star, Doubly-Eclipsing Star System Astounds

Regular small dips in a light curve can reveal the presence of planets orbiting other stars, when they cross or transit the face of their host star, and SuperWASP has been extremely successful in finding these ‘exoplanets’ since it began operating in 2003. Light curves can also be used to discover eclipsing binary stars, where a pair of stars orbit around their mutual centre of gravity in our line of sight.

From the Earth, each star will pass in front of its companion once in every orbit and eclipse some or all of its light. This produces a regular pattern of pairs of dips in the binary’s light curve, whose depths and shapes are characteristic of the physical properties of the two stars.

The light curve of the new quintuple system, designated as 1SWASP J093010.78+533859.5, initially revealed the presence of a contact eclipsing binary – a system in which the two stars are orbiting so close together that they share an outer atmosphere. Contact binaries are quite common, but this particular system is notable because its orbital period – the time the two stars take to complete one orbital cycle – is so short, just under six hours.

Then it was spotted that the light curve contained some additional unexpected eclipses, and the data were reanalysed to reveal a second eclipsing binary at the same location on the sky. The new binary is detached – its component stars are well-separated by a distance of about 3 million km, or about twice the size of the Sun – and it has a longer orbital period of one and a third days.

The two sets of stars are separated by about 21 billion km, rather larger than the size of Pluto’s orbit around the Sun. The four stars were subsequently observed spectroscopically – its light was broken up into different wavelengths – so that the signatures of the different stars could be studied in detail. This unexpectedly revealed the presence of a fifth star, up to 2 billion km away from the detached binary, but not apparently producing any additional eclipses.

By combining the data from the five stars’ light curve and their spectra, the Open University researchers have been able to confirm that they are all gravitationally bound together in a single system, around 250 light years away from us in the constellation of Ursa Major. The data also let the team determine properties of the stars like their masses, sizes and temperatures. All the stars are rather smaller and cooler than our Sun, but the collective system is bright enough (9th magnitude) to be visible in small telescopes and amateur astronomers could see the eclipses for themselves.

Dr Lohr comments: “This is a truly exotic star system. In principle there’s no reason it couldn’t have planets in orbit around each of the pairs of stars. Any inhabitants would have a sky that would put the makers of Star Wars to shame – there could sometimes be no fewer than five Suns of different brightnesses lighting up the landscape.

‘Days would have dramatically varying light levels as the different stars were eclipsed. They would though miss out on night for a large part of their ‘year’, only experiencing darkness (and a night sky) when the stars were on the same side of their world.”

One particularly interesting finding is that the two binaries seem to be orbiting in the same plane. This suggests that they may have originally formed from a single disk of gas and dust, which broke up as gravity concentrated it into clumps. Studying this bizarre system will help astronomers to better understand how stars and planets, including our own, came into being.

Dr Robert Massey
Royal Astronomical Society

Dr Marcus Lohr
Open University
[email protected]

Citation:  The new research appears in Lohr, M. E.; Norton, A. J.; Gillen, E.; Busuttil, R.; Kolb, U. C.; Aigrain, S.; McQuillan, A.; Hodgkin, S. T.; González, E., (2015), “The doubly eclipsing quintuple low-mass star system 1SWASP J093010.78+533859.5″, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 578, A103, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 578, A103.