Global Tsunamis Driven By Underwater Volcanic Eruptions

The atmospheric plume from the Tonga volcanic eruption, as seen from the International Space Station. Credit: NASA

In 1883, there was a volcanic eruption so large it killed tens of thousands of people. It expelled so much ash that, for a time, it changed the colors of sunsets and the palette with which impressionist artists painted.

In history, few volcanic eruptions have been so documented, until a recent underwater eruption earlier this year off the island nation of Tonga.

The impact of the January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano was recorded by University of Southern California researchers Patrick Lynett, Costas Synolakis and their colleagues. 

The underwater explosion boiled the ocean, creating a 300-foot-deep and 5-mile-wide crater. The resulting tsunami sped away from the volcano toward Tonga, moving at 250 miles per hour.

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