Minimalism

Tolstoy arranged for royalties from his novels to support persecuted Dukhobor communities, and in 1899, the Quakers and Tolstoyan movement helped 6,000 Dukhobors emigrate to Canada, where they established self-sufficient agricultural communities.

Mahatma Gandhi began his human rights career by establishing a self-sufficient “Tolstoy Farm” near Johannesburg, South Africa, and later organized Swaraj (self-rule) communities in India. He hand-spun his own dhoti cloth and ate simple vegetarian food. His practice of satyagraha — peaceful civil disobedience, borrowed from the Quakers — led to the liberation of India from British rule. “Earth provides enough to satisfy everyone’s needs,” wrote Gandhi, “but not everyone’s greed.”

Ecology and Simplicity

In the 1970s, Greenpeace borrowed non-violent civil disobedience tactics from Gandhi and the Quakers. At that same time, in Norway, Arne Naess, inspired by Gandhi, chained himself to rocks at the Mardalsfossen fiord to protest a dam project. Naess coined the idea of “Deep ecology,” and summarized his modest lifestyle with the adage: “Simpler means, richer ends.”

From the beginning, modern ecology promoted simple living, exemplified in books such as Diet for a Small Planetby Frances Moore Lappé (1971), Small Is Beautifulby E. F. Schumacher (1973), and Ecotopia, by Ernest Callenbach, (1975).

Frances Moore Lappé argued that meat production was a root cause of world hunger and she urged vegetarianism as an ecological principle. More recently, in 2006, Frances’ daughter, Anna Lappé, wrote Diet for a Hot Planet, linking our climate crisis to industrial food production.

In Small Is Beautiful, Schumacher showed how our modern, consumer economy (even 45 years ago) was unsustainable. He advocated for localization and for small, appropriate technologies that empowered people, were durable, easily maintained by users, and did not require a vast extraction industry to produce.

In Ecotopia, Callenbach, created a fictitious society based on ecological values. Callenbach’s citizens were “sick of bad air, chemicalized food, and lunatic advertising.” He described his book as “a protest against consumerism and materialism.”

Most of the world’s people, of course, do not have to worry about reducing consumerism and materialism because they already live modest lives in environments that have been plundered by the resource extraction industry.

For the wealthy nations, however, simplification and material restraint are necessary tenets of ecological awareness. We’re not going to solve our ecological challenges if we don’t reverse the consumptive lifestyles of growth-addicted economies.

Voluntary simplicity

My family lives in an rural, island community that experiences power outages in the winter. Two years ago, we went without power for two weeks during a heavy snowfall. We cooked on our wood stove and melted snow for water. Without internet, we read more books, played more music together, and sat up at night by candel-light telling stories.

We got out the big, historical atlas and studied history together. We worked together with neighbours to repair fences and dig paths through the snow. When the power came back on, and the computers fired up, we felt somewhat disappointed. We all learned a deep lesson about what really matters in life.

In 1936, Gandhian sociologist Richard Gregg wrote The Value of Voluntary Simplicity, pointing out that extravagant consumerism degraded the Earth and was socially unethical.

Furthermore, Gregg argued, non-materialist satisfactions — reading, contemplation, friends and loving relationships — offered a richness that material things could not provide. Duane Elgin added to this movement in 1981 with Voluntary Simplicity, describing “a manner of living that is outwardly simple and inwardly rich,” echoing the aphorism of Arne Naess.

“A deliberate choice to live with less,” Elgin wrote, will increase one’s quality of life.

In 2004, Mary Grigsby documented the voluntary simplicity movement in Buying Time and Getting By, with case studies of people who had chosen to simplify their lives, reduce consumption, and live in a smaller dwelling. “Identify the essential,” she wrote, and “eliminate the rest.”

We have huge global challenges to address: Global heating, species diversity loss, and economic injustice. For people living in environments of abundance, living modestly can be a personal statement to help address these challenges, and can also lead to a happier, more meaningful life.

The Minimalists today ask the question: “How might your life be better with less?” It is a question worth contemplating.

References and Links:

The Minimalists: The podcasts; Leo Babauta, Description of Minimalism; Courtney Carver, 25 Reasons You Might Be a Minimalist.

Coast Salish Potlatch: “Potlach Economics 101,” Malcolm McColl, First Nations Drum, 2009

Taoism: My earlier Deep Green article on Ecology and Taoism: “Oh Gaia! I’m a Taoist!” Deep Green, 2017. Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu, translated by Gia-Fu Feng and Jane English, Vintage Books, 1989; text on line at Terebess Asia.

Buddhism and Ecology: Buddhism and Ecology, edited by Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryūken Williams, Harvard university Press, 1998. “Buddism + Ecology,” EcoDharma.

“The Cynics and Diogenes, the Philosopher who Lived in a Barrel,” Janet Cameron, Decoded Past, 2015

Historical Jesus: John Dominic Crossan: The Historical Jesus, (Harper Collins, 1992); Géza Vermes: Jesus the Jew (Fortress, 1981).

“Walden by Henry David Thoreau (1854),” by Robert McCrum, The Guardian, 2017

Books that influenced Gandhi: William Salter, Ethical Religion(1889); Henry David Thoreau, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (1849), pdf; and Leo Tolstoy, The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894), pdf.

Frances Moore Lappé Diet for a Small Planet, 1971, Ballentine Books; Anna Lappé, Diet for a Hot Planet, Bloomsbury, 2006.

1973. F. Schumacher, Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered, Blond & Brigs, HarperCollins, 1973.

Ernest Callenbach, Ecotopia, Heyday Books, 1975.

Poet Patrick Kavanagh on simplicity: “Kavanagh’s lessons for simple living,” Alan O’Riordan, The Irish Times, 2009

Helen and Scott Nearing, Living the Good Life: How to Live Sanely and Simply in a Troubled World, Schocken Books, 1973, at Amazon.

Voluntary Simplicity: Richard Gregg, The Value of Voluntary Simplicity, 1936, pdf; Duane Elgin, Voluntary Simplicity, 1981, duaneelgin.com; and Mary Grigsby, Buying Time and Getting By, State University of New York, SUNY Press, 2004.

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