The Brain’s Auto-Complete Function
When looking at a picture of a sunny day at the beach, we can almost smell the scent of sun screen. Our brain often completes memories and automatically brings back to mind the different elements of the original experience. A new collaborative study between the Universities of Birmingham and Bonn now reveals the underlying mechanisms of this auto-complete function. It is now published in the journal Nature Communications.
„At the same time, we examined participants‘ brain activation“, explains Prof. Florian Mormann, who heads the Cognitive and Clinical Neurophysiology group at the University of Bonn Medical Centre. „We focused on two brain regions – the hippocampus and the neighbouring entorhinal cortex.“ The hippocampus is known to play a role in associative memory, but how exactly it does so has remained poorly understood.
The researchers made an exciting discovery: During memory recall, neurons in the hippocampus began to fire strongly. This was also the case during a control condition in which participants only had to remember scene images without the objects. Importantly, however, hippocampal ativity lasted much longer when participants also had to remember the associated object (the raspberry or scorpion image). Additionally, neurons in the entorhinal cortex began to fire in parallel to the hippocampus.
„The pattern of activation in the entorhinal cortex during successful recall strongly resembled the pattern of activation during the initial learning of the objects“, explains Dr. Bernhard Staresina from the University of Birmingham. Indeed, the similarity between recall and learning was so strong that a computer algorithm was able to tell whether the participant remembered the raspberry or the scorpion. „We call this process reinstatement“, Staresina says: „The act of remembering put neurons in a state that strongly resembles their activation during initial learning.“
With small electrodes that are implanted into the temporal lobes of epielpsy patients, researchers can elucidate the activation of brain regions involved in memory.
The researchers think that such reinstatement is driven by neurons in the hippocampus. Like a librarian, hippocampal neurons might provide pointers telling the rest of the brain where particular memories (such as the raspberry and the scorion) are stored.
Looking into the brain of Epilepsy patients
The brain recordings were conducted at the University Clinic of Epileptology in Bonn – one of Europe’s biggest epilepsy centres. The clinic specialises on patients who suffer from severe forms of medial temporal lobe epilepsy. The goal is to surgically remove those parts of the brain that cause the epileptic seizures. In order to localise the origin of the seizures, some patients are implanted with electrodes. These electrodes are able to record brain activation. Researchers can use this rare opportunity to closely monitor the brain while it remembers.
This is also what the current study did: The 16 participants were all epilepsy patients who had small electrodes implanted in their medial temporal lobe. „With these electrodes we were able to record the neurons‘ response to visual stimuli“, Prof. Mormann explains. These methods allows fascinating insights into the mechanisms of our memory system. They might also be used to better understand the causes for memory deficits.
Publication: Bernhard P. Staresina, Thomas P. Reber, Johannes Niediek, Jan Boström, Christian E. Elger und Florian Mormann: Recollection in the human hippocampal-entorhinal cell circuitry; Nature Communications; dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09558-3
Contacts and sources:
Dr. Bernhard Staresina
School of Psychology
University of Birmingham
Prof. Florian Mormann, MD, PhD
Dept. of Epileptology
University of Bonn
Citation: Recollection in the human hippocampal-entorhinal cell circuitry
Bernhard P. Staresina, Thomas P. Reber, Johannes Niediek, Jan Boström, Christian E. Elger, Florian Mormann. . Nature Communications, 2019; 10 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09558-3
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