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CRAP Flows Downhill Into The Fiery Abyss Of Hell! A Major Moody's Credit Downgrade, Economic - Stock Market Crash, And Short Lived Gold Standard Reset Is Imminent, BeWAR3 $ WAR-ning! It's Going To Get Very Stanky Coupled With BREXIT Which Is Going To Quickly Force Out One Big Pile Of Steaming Economic Crap Upon The World....So Suit Up, Psalms 91!!! We Must All PREPARE NOW Before It's Too Late Because Time Is Definitely Growing Short, Please Let's All REPENT, HOSEA 2:16. SELAH

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CRAP Flows Downhill Into The Fiery Abyss Of Hell! A Major Moody’s Credit Downgrade, Economic – Stock Market Crash, And Short Lived Gold Standard Reset Is Imminent, BeWAR3 $ WAR-ning! It’s Going To Get Very Stanky Coupled With BREXIT Which Is Going To Quickly Force Out One Big Pile Of Steaming Economic Crap Upon The World….So Suit Up, Psalms 91!!! We Must All PREPARE NOW Before It’s Too Late Because Time Is Definitely Growing Short, Please Let’s All REPENT, HOSEA 2:16. SELAH

 

There’s a Lot More to Life Than Seeking After Unrighteous Mamon/Money/Satan’s Evil Spiritual … – Before It’s News

› prophecy


Dec 22, 2018 · Lisa Simpson – I Am Their Queen (The President Wore Pearls-Hillary Clinton = Lisa … Image result for wakeupmypeoplespiritrain lisa simpson president. 2 days … Lisa Simpson calls Donald …

 

The Titanic USA Slave Trade Corporation Will Be Terminated By 2020 In Favor Of A Socalled New Economic … – Before It’s News

› 2018/12 › th…


Dec 2, 2018 · Oct 4, 2017 · Yes, “The Simpsons” predicted Trump’s rise to the presidency. But its greatest prophecy has not yet been realized. Behold: President Lisa Simpson. wakeupmypeoplespiritrain.

 

Prophecy

Seen Life › is › dev › prophecy


Dec 22, 2018 · Lisa Simpson – I Am Their Queen (The President Wore Pearls-Hillary Clinton = Lisa … Image result for wakeupmypeoplespiritrain lisa simpson president. 2 days … Lisa Simpson calls Donald …

 

Prophecy – Before It’s News | Alternative News | UFO | Beyond Science | True News… Bertrand Daily Report The War For

Seen Life › is › dev › prophecy


Dec 2, 2018 · Oct 4, 2017 · Yes, “The Simpsons” predicted Trump’s rise to the presidency. But its greatest prophecy has not yet been realized. Behold: President Lisa Simpson. wakeupmypeoplespiritrain.

 

BeWARe, NWO 2019 Or 2020…A New Energy Order-All Solar Power-Free Energy Devices & All Electric Vehicles, A New …

64.62.227.27 › prophecy


Jun 3, 2018 · By wakeupmypeoplespiritrain … The Simpsons: Future President Lisa Simpson … The Simpsons Predict Hilary Clinton & TRUMP Presidential Run 15 YEARS … Off With His Head: Donald Trump …

 

There’s a Lot More to Life Than Seeking After Unrighteous Mamon/Money/Satan’s Evil Spiritual Currency That Makes This …

64.62.227.27 › prophecy › 2018/12 › th…


Dec 22, 2018 · Lisa Simpson – I Am Their Queen (The President Wore Pearls-Hillary Clinton = Lisa … Image result for wakeupmypeoplespiritrain lisa simpson president. 2 days … Lisa Simpson calls Donald …

 

Trump Was Purposely Positioned Within His Temporal Presidential Government Position In Order To Help Destroy …

64.62.227.27 › prophecy


Sep 3, 2018 · 4 days ago · Image result for wakeupmypeoplespiritrain lisa simpson president. … Video for bill clinton bill cosby flight of the phoenix wakeupmypeoplespiritrain… Bill Clinton – Before It’s News.

 

EXTREME WARNING For The Holidays, A Major Series Of Wars In The Middle East Are Imminent: Wicked Illuminati Elite …

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Dec 6, 2018 · … The US EAGLE Petro-Dollar Is Destroyed In Favor Of A Temporal Gold Standard Which Will Also Subsequently Fail … Video for wakeupmypeoplespiritrain japan tsunami battle los angeles la …

 

A Major Economic Crash And A Gold Standard Reset Of The US EAGLE Petro-Dollar/Slavery BONDs Supported Economy Is …

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Dec 17, 2018 · 0. By wakeupmypeoplespiritrain. Contributor … A Major Economic Crash And A Gold Standard Reset Of The US EAGLE Petro-Dollar/Slavery BONDs Supported Economy Is Imminent!….It’s …

 

Stories contributed by wakeupmypeoplespiritrain | Contributor – …

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A Major Conversion to the Gold Standard Is Covertly Underway to Destroy the Petro-Dollar This Year 2019 in Preparation for the Establishment of a Sinister Satanic Dystopian Temporal NWO in the Year 2020 125

 

A Major Economic Reset Is Imminent: A New North American Union Gold Standard Economy Means the Horrific Nightmarish …

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Dec 20, 2018 · By wakeupmypeoplespiritrain … A Major Economic Reset Is Imminent: A New North American Union Gold Standard Economy Means the Horrific Nightmarish Death of the Petro-Dollar in 2019 and …

 

The High Volatility in the World Stock Market Is Primarily Due to the Imminent Chaotic Switch From the Fragile-Feeble-Failing …

Seen Life › is › dev › prophecy


Dec 20, 2018 · 0. By wakeupmypeoplespiritrain … the Fragile-Feeble- Failing-Dying Petro-Dollar and the Subsequent Transition to the Short Lived Temporal Gold Standard, Foretold in the Book of James 5th Ch.

 

Barack *The Cloned Vampiric Chimeran Antichrist* Obama And Hillary *Isis-Ishtar-Lilith-Matriarchal False Prophet-Beheadings …

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Dec 17, 2018 · wakeupmypeoplespiritrain hillary clinton and obama hide from www.chicagotribune.com. Jun 15, 2018 · It’s the silky lie told by then-President Barack Obama. It may have set the tone for the …

 

Stories contributed by wakeupmypeoplespiritrain | Contributor – Alternative News

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The BIG SWITCH Is Underway: Donald Trump Is Just A Scapegoat- Pawn In An Elaborate Plan To Establish A Sinister Satanic NWO- DISORDER Under Obama & Hillary Clinton…WAKE UP! These Two Will Hide …

 

EXTREME WARNING, Dateline 2019….The USA/Mystery Babylon The Great Witnesses Many Horrific Nightmarish …

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Nov 8, 2018 · BeWAR3, The Sinister Obama Crime Syndicate Plus The UN And Their Alphabet Agency … Hillary Isis-Lilith-Ishtar Clinton As His Matriarchal False Prophet Enforcer Of The Horrific Mark Of The …

 

www.ascensionwithearth.com

N.E.S.A.R.A is the National Economic Security and Reformation Act.Jan 30, 2017

What Is NESARA? | National Economic Security and … – YouTube

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The U.S. dollar was losing value, and other countries didn’t want to hold U.S. dollars, but rather convert their dollars to gold. … The age of gold standard prominence has passed (After The Pre-Planned Destruction Of The Failing Petro-Dollar Satandard, The Revised Gold Standard Will Be Reinstituted For A Short Time As Foretold In The Book Of James 5th Ch., But Will Fail Horrifically Concerning The Rich Illuminati Elite Bankers And Other Rich Investors Loosing It All In An Instant Upon The Supernatural Fiery Hellish Wrath Ultra-Catastrophic Destruction Of NY City The Whore Of Babylon, As Foretold In Revelation 18th Ch., Isaiah 47th Ch., The 2nd Seal Fiery Red Horse Judgement, And The 3rd Seal Black Horse Judgement Concerning Total Unrecoverable Economic Collapse After NY City Ultimately Ends Up As A Ruinous Heap Of Smoldering Profusely Smoking Ashes Which Will Be Later Washed Away And Covered Up Under Many Feet Of Ocean Water After The 2nd Trumpet Mars Fragment (Phobos) Asteroid Strike In The Atlantic Ocean During The Early Part Of The Horrific Nightmarish Temporal Great Tribulation. SELAH), although many counties still keep significant gold reserves including the U.S., France, Germany, Italy, China and Switzerland.Apr 21, 2014

 

Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About The Gold Standard

https://www.forbes.com › 2014/04/21 › e…

 

Gold Standard: Definition, Pros, Cons, Can We Return? – The …

The Balance › … › Commodities Market


Nov 5, 2018 · The gold standard is when a country agrees to redeem currency for its value in gold. Here’s how it worked, pros and cons, and why we can’t return.

 

The gold standard is a monetary system where a country’s currency or paper money has a value directly linked to gold. With the gold standard, countries agreed to convert paper money into a fixed amount of gold. A country that uses the gold standard sets a fixed price for gold and buys and sells gold at that price.Feb 26, 2018

 

What is the gold standard? – Investopedia

https://www.investopedia.com › answers

More results

 

If, however, one considers the gold standard as a monetary system in which the unit of money is backed by gold even if the monetary unit cannot be converted into gold, one could argue that the United Stateswent off of the gold standard on August 15, 1971 when President Nixon announced that the U.S. dollar would no …

 

The country effectively abandoned the gold standard in 1933, and completely severed the link between the dollar and gold in 1971. The U.S. now has a fiat money system, meaning the dollar’s value is not linked to any specific asset.Oct 5, 2012

Why Did the U.S. Abandon the Gold Standard? | Mental Floss

mentalfloss.com › article › why-did-us-a…

 

Gold and Silver – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) – Federal …

https://www.richmondfed.org › faqs › go…

 

Roosevelt took much greater action to end the gold standard than did Nixon when Roosevelt let the dollar “float” in 1933 to combat the shrunken monetary supply during the depression. … We had lost most of our reserves by the time Nixon pulled the plug in 1971.

Why did Nixon take the United States off of the gold standard? – …

https://www.quora.com › Why-did-Nixo…

 

Since 1971, U.S. citizens have been able to utilize Federal Reserve Notes as the only form of money that for the first time had no currency with any gold or silver backing. This is where you get the saying that U.S. dollars are backed by the “full faith and credit” of the U.S. Government.Jun 24, 2018

What Really Backs the U.S. Dollar? – Buy Gold and Silver Safely

https://buygoldandsilversafely.com › gold

 

President Nixon cancelled the fixed-rate convertibility of US dollars to gold in 1971. … Since the agreements of 1971 and 1973, OPEC oil is generally quoted in US dollars, sometimes referred to as petrodollars.

Petrocurrency – Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Petrocur…

 

Croeseids

Gold Croeseid, minted by King Croesus circa 561-546 BCE. (10.76 grams, Sardis mint)

Silver Croeseid, minted by King Croesus circa 560-546 BCE. (10.59 grams, Sardis mint)

The gold and silver Croeseids formed the world’s first bimetallic monetary system circa 550 BCE. The exchange rate between the weights of gold and silver was 1 to 13.3 at the time.[1]

Bimetallism[a] is the economic term for a monetary standard in which the value of the monetary unit is defined as equivalent to certain quantities of two metals, typically gold and silver, creating a fixed rate of exchange between them.[3]

For scholarly purposes, “proper” bimetallism is sometimes distinguished as permitting that both gold and silver money are legal tender in unlimited amounts and that gold and silver may be taken to be coined by the government mints in unlimited quantities.[4] This distinguishes it from “limping standard” bimetallism, where both gold and silver are legal tender but only one is freely coined (e.g. the moneys of France, Germany, and the United States after 1873), and from “trade” bimetallism, where both metals are freely coined but only one is legal tender and the other is used as “trade money” (e.g. most moneys in western Europe from the 13th to 18th centuries). Economists also distinguish legal bimetallism, where the law guarantees these conditions, and de facto bimetallism, where gold and silver coins circulate at a fixed rate.

In the 19th century, there was a great deal of scholarly debate and political controversy regarding the use of bimetallism in place of a gold or silver standard (monometallism). Bimetallism was intended to increase the supply of money, stabilize prices, and facilitate setting exchange rates.[5] Some scholars argued that bimetallism was inherently unstable owing to Gresham’s law, and that its replacement by a monometallic standard was inevitable. Other scholars claimed that in practice bimetallism had a stabilizing effect on economies. The controversy became largely moot after technological progressand the South African and Klondike Gold Rushes increased the supply of gold in circulation at the end of the century, ending most of the political pressure for greater use of silver. It became completely academic after the 1971 Nixon shock, since when all of the world’s currencies have operated as more or less freely floating fiat money, unconnected to the value of silver or gold. Nonetheless, academics continue to inconclusively debate the relative use of the metallic standards.[b]

 

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NESARA

National Economic Security and Recovery Act (NESARA) was a set of proposed economic reforms suggested during the 1990s by Harvey Francis Barnard. Barnard claimed that the proposals, which included replacing the income tax with a national sales tax, abolishing compound interest on secured loans, and returning to a bimetallic currency, would result in 0% inflation and a more stable economy. The proposals were never introduced before Congress.

NESARA has since become better known as the subject of a cult-like conspiracy theory promoted by Shaini Candace Goodwin, doing business as “Dove of Oneness”, who claimed that the act was actually passed with additional provisions as the National Economic Security and Reformation Act, and then suppressed by the George W. Bush administration and the Supreme Court. Goodwin’s conspiracy emails have been translated into several languages and have a large following online.[1]

 

Monetary reform proposal

Harvey Francis Barnard, a Louisiana graduate in systems philosophy, and an engineering consultant and teacher, created the NESARA proposal during the late 1980s and early 1990s. He printed 1000 copies of his proposal, titled Draining the Swamp: Monetary and Fiscal Policy Reform (1996), and sent copies to members of Congress, believing it would pass quickly on its merits. Based on a theory that debt is the number one economic factor inhibiting the growth of the economy, and compound interest the number one “moral evil” and reason for debt, Barnard made several other attempts during the 1990s to draw political attention to the problems he saw in the US economy, and his suggested economic recovery proposal based on the root causes he determined. After these did not succeed, he decided in 2000 to release the proposal to the public domain and publish it on the internet. Barnard established the NESARA Institute in 2001, and published the 2nd edition of his book in 2005, retitling it Draining the Swamp: The NESARA Story – Monetary and Fiscal Policy Reform.[1][2]

 

Dove of Oneness

Soon after Barnard released NESARA on the internet, a user known as “Dove of Oneness” began posting about it in internet forums. “Dove of Oneness” was later identified as Shaini Candace Goodwin, a former student of The Ramtha School Of Enlightenment, referred to in the media as a “cybercult queen.”[1] According to Goodwin’s website, the NESARA bill languished in Congress before finally being passed by a secret session in March 2000 and signed by President Bill Clinton. It is claimed that the new law was to be implemented at 10 am on September 11, 2001, but that the computers, and data (of the beneficiaries of the trillions of dollars of “Prosperity funds”) were destroyed on the second floor of one of the World Trade Center towers in New York City during the terrorist attacks. Supposedly an earlier gag order issued by the Supreme Court had prohibited any official or private source from discussing it, under penalty of death.[1]Goodwin referred to “White Knights,” most of them high-ranking military officials, who have since been struggling to have the law implemented despite opposition by President George W. Bush. Goodwin allegedly believes and purports that Bush orchestrated the September 11, 2001 attacks and the Iraq War as distractions from NESARA.[3][4] Goodwin’s description of NESARA goes far beyond Barnard’s proposal by cancelling all personal debts, abolishing the Internal Revenue Service, declaring world peace, and requiring new presidential and congressional elections. Goodwin often claimed that Bush officials were attempting to hack into and bring down her web site to prevent her from publicizing the law.[5]

Goodwin began commenting on NESARA in connection with Omega Trust, a fraudulent investment scheme whose creator, Clyde Hood, was on trial at the time. According to Goodwin, Omega Trust investors would receive their returns after NESARA was announced.[1][6]Goodwin repeatedly predicted that the NESARA announcement would occur in the very near future,[7][8][9] although in later years she became more reserved in these predictions.[10]

Other developments

After Goodwin began commenting on NESARA, other internet-based conspiracy theorists latched onto it. One supporter, Sheldan Nidle, ties the imminent NESARA announcement into his years-old prophecy of an imminent large scale UFO visitation by benevolent aliens(occasionally on his website reports, but more prominently in his videos,[11] seminars and public appearances). Jennifer Lee, who used to publish internet NESARA status reports almost daily[12] on her now defunct site, discussed a host of other-worldly and “interdimensional” beings who are helping behind the scenes to get NESARA announced. Internet evangelist Sherry Shriner, who operates many websites, sees NESARA as linked to malevolent reptiloid aliens she feels have long controlled the U.S. Government.[13]

NESARA groups are known for certain to exist and to have attracted press attention in Utah,[14][15] and the Netherlands.[16] Members of these groups get together to discuss the status of NESARA, read the various reports, hold protests, and pass out fliers about NESARA to the public. Goodwin claims that NESARA groups exist throughout several nations and US states including California, Washington, Arizona, and Texas, and provides hundreds of pieces of photographic evidence of people in public protests holding NESARA banners,[17][18]but it is not clear to what degree the people holding the banners are aware of what NESARA is, or for how long these groups were active. The News Tribune has traced the story behind at least some of these photos (photos of trucks driving around Washington DC bearing the words “NESARA Announcement Now!”), and found that they were part of a $40,000 advertising campaign allegedly paid for an elderly San Francisco resident who had made donations to Goodwin.[16]

 

Criticism and comparison to a cult

Barnard became aware of Goodwin’s description of NESARA before his death in 2005. He denied that NESARA had been enacted into law or even assigned a tracking number, and condemned Goodwin’s allegations as a disinformation campaign.[19] Goodwin, for her part, dismisses the NESARA Institute as a disinformation front for the Bush family.[citation needed]

Some NESARA detractors claim that NESARA is a cult designed primarily to provide an income to Goodwin and others. They point to the fact that Goodwin, Lee, and Nidle frequently asked their readers to donate money.[20][21][22] Goodwin, who also asked readers to donate their frequent flyer miles,[23] claimed that she needed and had used the funds to travel to various locations around the world to secretly meet with high-level government officials about getting NESARA announced.[23][24]

Some NESARA supporters also make the claim that otherworldly beings are working to get NESARA announced. These include a “channeled“ cosmic being called “Hatonn[25] (an android Pleiadean), and another named Sananda. According to some Ascended Master Teaching proponents such as Joshua David StoneSheldan Nidle, and Luis Prada, Sananda is the “galactic name” of Ascended Master Jesus, which he uses in his role as Commander-in-Chief of the Ashtar Command flying saucer fleet. Pallas Athena is regarded as being the Vice-Commander of the saucer fleet. Ashtar (Ashtar Sheran) is regarded in these teachings as being third-in-command.[26] Saint Germain, an Ascended Master borrowed from the I AM Movementand the Church Universal and Triumphant, along with benevolent aliens from the Galactic Federation, are also frequently mentioned (most prominently by Nidle) as working towards the NESARA announcement. The designation of George W. Bush as a disguised reptilian often co-occurs with this claim.[27] Goodwin has claimed that Ascended Master Saint Germain has come down from the etheric plane to physically meet with heads of banks and world leaders regarding the NESARA announcement.[28][29]

The prominence of failed prophecy also lends support to the cult theory. NESARA supporters often tell their readers that the NESARA announcement is going to happen in a matter of days. These claims have been made too many times to enumerate, without ever coming to fruition. According to the documentary Waiting For NESARA, the claim was also made prior to March 2003 that George Bush was planning the war with Iraq only to further delay the NESARA announcement. It was prophesied that spiritual beings and UFOs would intervene with Bush’s plans and prevent the war.[14]

A June 2006 complaint to the Washington consumer protection division accused Goodwin of using the NESARA story to defraud a 64-year-old San Francisco woman of at least $10,000. The woman’s daughter said the actual amount is much larger, in the hundreds of thousands.[16]

 

Notes and references

  1. a b c d e Robinson, Sean (July 18, 2004). “Snared by a Cybercult Queen, Dove of Oneness: First of Two Parts”The News Tribune. Archived from the original on 2007-03-29. Retrieved 2007-09-25.External link in |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ “The National Economic Stabilization and Recovery Act”. Archived from the original on 2014-12-01. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
  3. ^ Goodwin, Shaini (September 11, 2006). “NESARA’s Announcement Brings Truth about 9-11 Attacks”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  4. ^ Goodwin, Shaini. “Announcement this Week?”NESARA Update #21. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  5. ^ Robinson, Sean (19 July 2004). “Up against ‘the dark agenda’”The News Tribune.
  6. ^ “NESARA Scam”. Quatloos!. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  7. ^ Goodwin, Shaini (May 4, 2002). “NESARA: Gov. and U.S. Treasury Currency Info; Pros. Prg Deliveries”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  8. ^ Goodwin, Shaini (March 8, 2004). “NESARA Debt Relief in U.S.; Income Taxes End; NESARA Editorial & Confirmations”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  9. ^ Goodwin, Shaini (October 13, 2003). “NESARA; Dove Reports Email Improvements; Wild-eyed Currency Stories”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  10. ^ Goodwin, Shaini (June 23, 2006). “NESARA Chronicles Parts 4 and 5″. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  11. ^ “PAO Products”. Planetary Activation Organization. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  12. ^ Lee, Jennifer. “Jennifer Lee NESARA Reports”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  13. ^ Shriner, Sherry. “NESARA Sucks: The Beast Economic Program”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  14. a b Haradon, Zeb and Elisa. “Waiting for NESARA”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  15. ^ Robinson, Sean (August 6, 2004). “Documentary spotlights NESARA cult; Dove’s followers”The News Tribune. Archived from the original on 2006-12-30. Retrieved 2007-09-25. External link in |publisher= (help)
  16. a b c Robinson, Sean (June 18, 2006). “Some lucrative ‘New Age hooey’”The News Tribune. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-09-25. External link in |publisher= (help)
  17. ^ Goodwin’s Web site includes several photo galleries [1][2][3]
  18. ^ Goodwin, Shaini (October 2, 2005). “NESARA Finishes Farm Claims Actions; NTAT Report; Canadians Sue Banks”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  19. ^ “Rumors – The “Real” NESARA”. The NESARA Institute. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  20. ^ Goodwin, Shaini (February 6, 2007). “NESARA Lights Carry NESARA Forward”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  21. ^ Nidle, Sheldan. “Sheldan Nidle Updates”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  22. ^ Lee, Jennifer (October 7, 2003). “Jennifer Lee NESARA Reports”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  23. a b Goodwin, Shaini (October 24, 2004). “NESARA; Bush Regime Stalls 9-11 Report by CIA Group; NTAT Reports”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  24. ^ Goodwin, Shaini (July 18, 2004). “The Truth About Dove of Oneness: Her Life & Activities”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  25. ^ Ward, Suzy (July 18, 2005). “Special NESARA Edition”The Matthew Books. Retrieved 2007-09-25. Ward claims to write books that are “channeled” from her son, Matthew, who died in April, 1980 at the age of 17. The message cited is claimed to be channeled through a higher level cosmic being named Hatonn
  26. ^ Peterson, Ken. “Sananda on NESARA and Compassion”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  27. ^ Icke, David“The Windsor-Bush Bloodline”. Archived from the original on 2007-03-31. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  28. ^ Goodwin, Shaini (April 28, 2007). “Peace Ordered; Corp. Eviction; Ascended Masters Working On Our Behalf”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  29. ^ Goodwin, Shaini (July 28, 2002). “Support NESARA Fully to Receive Full Prosperity”. Retrieved 2007-09-25.

 

See also

 

External links and references

 

Croeseids

Gold Croeseid, minted by King Croesus circa 561-546 BCE. (10.76 grams, Sardis mint)

Silver Croeseid, minted by King Croesus circa 560-546 BCE. (10.59 grams, Sardis mint)

The gold and silver Croeseids formed the world’s first bimetallic monetary system circa 550 BCE. The exchange rate between the weights of gold and silver was 1 to 13.3 at the time.[1]

Bimetallism[a] is the economic term for a monetary standard in which the value of the monetary unit is defined as equivalent to certain quantities of two metals, typically gold and silver, creating a fixed rate of exchange between them.[3]

For scholarly purposes, “proper” bimetallism is sometimes distinguished as permitting that both gold and silver money are legal tender in unlimited amounts and that gold and silver may be taken to be coined by the government mints in unlimited quantities.[4] This distinguishes it from “limping standard” bimetallism, where both gold and silver are legal tender but only one is freely coined (e.g. the moneys of France, Germany, and the United States after 1873), and from “trade” bimetallism, where both metals are freely coined but only one is legal tender and the other is used as “trade money” (e.g. most moneys in western Europe from the 13th to 18th centuries). Economists also distinguish legal bimetallism, where the law guarantees these conditions, and de facto bimetallism, where gold and silver coins circulate at a fixed rate.

In the 19th century, there was a great deal of scholarly debate and political controversy regarding the use of bimetallism in place of a gold or silver standard (monometallism). Bimetallism was intended to increase the supply of money, stabilize prices, and facilitate setting exchange rates.[5] Some scholars argued that bimetallism was inherently unstable owing to Gresham’s law, and that its replacement by a monometallic standard was inevitable. Other scholars claimed that in practice bimetallism had a stabilizing effect on economies. The controversy became largely moot after technological progressand the South African and Klondike Gold Rushes increased the supply of gold in circulation at the end of the century, ending most of the political pressure for greater use of silver. It became completely academic after the 1971 Nixon shock, since when all of the world’s currencies have operated as more or less freely floating fiat money, unconnected to the value of silver or gold. Nonetheless, academics continue to inconclusively debate the relative use of the metallic standards.[b]



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