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Quantum Gravity Has No Symmetry

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Using holography, researchers have found that when gravity is combined with quantum mechanics, symmetry is not possible.

A diagram used to prove that quantum gravity cannot have any global symmetry. Symmetry, if existed, could act only on the shaded regions in the diagram and causes no change around the black spot in the middle. The shaded regions can be made as small as we like by dividing the boundary circle more and more. Thus, the alleged symmetry would not act anywhere inside of the circle.

Copyright : Harlow and Ooguri

Contradiction.
A new study by a pair of researchers in the US and Japan has found that, when gravity is combined with quantum mechanics, symmetry is not possible.

“Many physicists believe that there must a beautiful set of laws in Nature and that one way to quantify the beauty is by symmetry. Some of the symmetries may be hidden in our world, but they should manifest themselves if we look at Nature at a more fundamental level. We showed that this expectation is wrong once we take into account the gravity,” said Hirosi Ooguri, Director of the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, and one of the paper authors.

There are four kinds of fundamental forces in Nature: electromagnetism, strong force, weak force, and gravity. Of the four, the gravity is the only one still unexplainable at the quantum level. Researchers believe the holographic principle is an important hint to combine the gravity and quantum mechanics successfully.

A hologram makes three-dimensional images pop out from a two-dimensional screen. Similarly, the holographic principle allows physicists to study gravitational systems by projecting them on a boundary that surrounds the entire Universe. The AdS/CFT (anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory) correspondence, developed in the late 1990s by Juan Maldacena, has been particularly useful because it gives a precise mathematical definition of the holographic principle.

In the paper published on May 17, Ooguri and Daniel Harlow, Assistant Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, proved that symmetry is not possible in a gravitational theory if it obeys the holographic principle.

Previous work by Harlow and others had found a precise mathematical analogy between the holographic principle and quantum error correcting codes, which protects information in a quantum computer. In the new paper, Ooguri and Harlow showed such quantum error correcting codes are not compatible with any symmetry, meaning that symmetry would not be possible in quantum gravity.

Their result has several important consequences. In particular, it predicts that the protons are stable against decaying into other elementary particles, and that magnetic monopoles exist.

Details of their study were published in Physical Review Letters on May 17 and selected for Editor’s Suggestion “due to its particular importance, innovation, and broad appeal.”

Contacts and sources:
Hirosi Ooguri, Director, 

Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe
Motoko Kakubayashi
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe

Citation: Constraints on Symmetries from Holography
Authors: Daniel Harlow (1), Hirosi Ooguri (2,3) Physical Review Letters, 122, 191601 (2019)
Author affiliations:
1 Center for Theoretical Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
2 Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
3 Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI) University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.191601 (Published May 17)


Source: http://www.ineffableisland.com/2019/07/quantum-gravity-has-no-symmetry.html


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    • PaulTarsuss

      Wrong.

    • Counter Analysis

      It may be misleading to search for gravitons. I suspect gravity is not a separate force, but rather a derivative of the electromagnetic force. Space is a seething sea of virtual particles that annihilate each other or against adjacent virtual particle pairs. Actual (non-virtual) matter is also constantly annihilating against virtual particles, but in this case, a matter particle annihilates against a virtual anti-matter particle thereby leaving the other virtual matter particle as the new remaining actual particle. Every time an annihilation occurs, a photon is released that will connect and fuel the remaining particle’s annihilation with the next virtual anti-matter particle.

      Every area of space is occupied by virtual particles, or virtual particle waves, if you like. As the chain of annihilation takes place, the energy of the annihilation produced photons remains constant. This explains inertia and mass. The more mass, the more inertia. It takes energy to accelerate a mass because you must overcome the constant study energy of the photons produced by annihilation. It takes energy to change the energy of these electromagnetic photons between annihilation. Thus you must push to accelerate an object. But once the object is moving, it wants to continue moving at the same speed because of the study and constant energy of the photons between annihilation at that speed. This also makes obvious, the difficulty or impossibility in accelerating mass to light speed or beyond. How can you accelerate faster than the photons that fuel annihilation? Maybe by teleportation where annihilation occurs against virtual particles in the past. That would be a neat trick!

      Gravity is derived from this because all those virtual particles annihilating against a mass are also annihilating against other pairs of virtual particles. For example, a virtual positron annihilates an electron leaving the virtual electron of that pair, or even of another pair as the actual electron, and the virtual positron that did this may have been a survivor in a multi-virtual pair interconnecting annihilation. In other words, virtual pairs need not annihilate each other, they can annihilate against adjacent pairs thus, connecting space as a chain that interconnects virtual pair annihilation. So the electromagnetic force between the interconnecting virtual pair annihilation comprises gravity.

      But why do neutrons, protons, and other hadrons have more mass than an electron? It may be that when you take an electron out (or add a positron) of a neutron, it becomes a proton, and similarly, adding an electron to a proton (or taking out a positron) creates a neutron. You may have a case where many simultaneous annihilations occur between virtual electrons, virtual positrons and hadrons. The mass of a hadron may be determined by how many these annihilations are able to occur simultaneously with virtual leptons. Thus the overall unit of charge does not determine mass. But the more simultaneous annihilations, the more inter-annihilation photons creating both mass and inertia. A neutron may be in a constant battle to remain a neutron as it is continually bombarded by virtual leptons, or on the flip side, it is very stable because it is locked into a pattern of multiple simultaneous virtual leptons annihilating themselves against it. Unstable hadrons prone to decay may lack a stable pattern of multi-lepton annihilation. It’s possible this lepton annihilation model may help explain particle decay or stability as seen in protons.

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