The 'Forbidden' Planet Found in the 'Neptunian Desert'

It’s hotter than Mercury at 1,000 degrees Celsius

An exoplanet smaller than Neptune with its own atmosphere has been discovered in the Neptunian Desert, by an international collaboration of astronomers, with the University of Warwick taking a leading role.

New research, led by Dr Richard West including Professor Peter Wheatley, Dr Daniel Bayliss and Dr James McCormac from the Astronomy and Astrophysics Group at the University of Warwick, has identified a rogue planet.

NGTS is situated at the European Southern Observatory’s Paranal Observatory in the heart of the Atacama Desert, Chile. It is a collaboration between UK Universities Warwick, Leicester, Cambridge, and Queen’s University Belfast, together with Observatoire de Genève, DLR Berlin and Universidad de Chile.

NGTS-4b, also nick-named ‘The Forbidden Planet’ by researchers, is a planet smaller than Neptune but three times the size of Earth.

It has a mass of 20 Earth masses, and a radius 20% smaller than Neptune, and is 1000 degrees Celsius. It orbits around the star in only 1.3 days – the equivalent of Earth’s orbit around the sun of one year.

It is the first exoplanet of its kind to have been found in the Neptunian Desert.

The Neptunian Desert is the region close to stars where no Neptune-sized planets are found. This area receives strong irradiation from the star, meaning the planets do not retain their gaseous atmosphere as they evaporate leaving just a rocky core. However NGTS-4b still has its atmosphere of gas.

When looking for new planets astronomers look for a dip in the light of a star – this the planet orbiting it and blocking the light. Usually only dips of 1% and more are picked up by ground-based searches, but the NGTS telescopes can pick up a dip of just 0.2%

Researchers believe the planet may have moved into the Neptunian Desert recently, in the last one million years, or it was very big and the atmosphere is still evaporating.

Dr Richard West, from the Department of Physics at the University of Warwick comments:

“This planet must be tough – it is right in the zone where we expected Neptune-sized planets could not survive. It is truly remarkable that we found a transiting planet via a star dimming by less than 0.2% – this has never been done before by telescopes on the ground, and it was great to find after working on this project for a year.

“We are now scouring out data to see if we can see any more planets in the Neptune Desert – perhaps the desert is greener than was once thought.”

Contacts and sources:
Alice Scott
University of Warwick

Citation: NGTS-4b: A sub-Neptune transiting in the desert Richard G West Edward Gillen Daniel Bayliss Matthew R Burleigh Laetitia Delrez Maximilian N Günther Simon T Hodgkin James A G Jackman James S Jenkins George King James McCormac Louise D Nielsen Liam Raynard Alexis M S Smith Maritza Soto Oliver Turner Peter J Wheatley Yaseen Almleaky David J Armstrong Claudia Belardi François Bouchy Joshua T Briegal Artem Burdanov Juan Cabrera Sarah L Casewell Alexander Chaushev Bruno Chazelas Paul Chote Benjamin F Cooke Szilard Csizmadia Elsa Ducrot Philipp Eigmüller Anders Erikson Emma Foxell Boris T Gänsicke Michaël Gillon Michael R Goad Emmanuël Jehin Gregory Lambert Emma S Longstaff Tom Louden Maximiliano Moyano Catriona Murray Don Pollacco Didier Queloz Heike Rauer Sandrine Sohy Samantha J Thompson Stéphane Udry Simon R Walker Christopher A Watson Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 486, Issue 4, July 2019, Pages 5094–5103, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1084  https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/486/4/5094/5475662  http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1084