9 Extraordinary Almost Supernatural Human Abilities_We All Have At Least One. (Lots Of Videos And Photos)

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Thinking about how some people are blessed (or cursed, depending on your point of view) with the ability to recall a scene as if they were looking at a photograph led to this post…
And how other people can recreate music from memory, such as Mozart’s famed reproduction of Gregorio Allegri’s Miserere after one hearing.

What other extraordinary abilities might we humans have

I’ve listed nine of the most well understood (i.e. not paranormal or ‘fringe science’) and interesting abilities rated from most common to most interesting and rare. Bear in mind that most of these unusual abilities are genetic and cannot be controlled by the person affected but are an inherent quality of their physical self.

In no particular Order…

9 – Supertasters

People who experience taste with greater intensity than the rest of the population are called supertasters. Having extra fungiform papillae (the mushroom shaped bumps on the tongue that are covered in taste buds) is thought to be the reason why these people have a stronger response to the sensation of taste. Of the five types of taste, sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami, a supertaster generally finds bitterness to be the most perceptible.

Scientists first noticed the differing abilities of people to taste a known compound when a DuPont chemist called Arthur Fox asked people to taste Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). Some people could taste its bitterness; some couldn’t – whether people could depended on their genetic make-up (a variant of this test is now one of the most common genetic tests on humans). While about 70% of people can taste PTC, two thirds of them are rated as medium and only one third (approximately 25% of the wider population) are supertasters.

Supertasters will often dislike certain foods, particularly bitter ones, such as brussel sprouts, cabbage, coffee, and grapefruit juice. Women, Asians, and Africans are most likely to have the increased number of fungiform papillae that make them supertasters.

Tongue colored with Blue food dye revealed the fungiform papillae.

Women are more likely to be supertasters, as are Asians and Africans. Among individuals of European descent, it is estimated that about 25% of the population are supertasters…
The cause of this heightened response is currently unknown, although it is thought to be, at least in part, due to an increased number of fungiform papillae. The evolutionary advantage to supertasting is unclear. In some environments, heightened taste response, particularly to bitterness, would represent an important advantage in avoiding potentially toxic plant alkaloids. However, in other environments, increased response to bitter may have limited the range of palatable foods. In a modern, energy-rich environment, supertasting may be cardioprotective, due to decreased liking and intake of fat, but may increase cancer risk via decreased vegetable intake. It may be a cause of picky eating, but picky eaters are not necessarily supertasters, and vice versa.

8 – Absolute pitch

People with absolute pitch are capable of identifying and reproducing a tone without needing a known reference. It is not simply a better ability to hear but the ability to mentally class sounds into remembered categories. Examples of this include identifying the pitch of everyday noises (e.g. horns, sirens, and engines), being able to sing a named note without hearing a reference, naming the tones of a chord, or naming the key signature of a song. Doing any of these is a cognitive act – it requires one to remember the frequency of each tone, be able to label it (e.g. ‘A’, ‘C#’, or ‘F-flat’), and sufficient exposure to the range of sound within each label. Opinions vary as to whether absolute pitch is genetic or a learned ability that is strongly influenced to one’s exposure to music at crucial developmental stages – much like how a child’s ability to identify colors by their frequency depends on the type and level of their exposure to it.

Estimates of the portion of the population having absolute pitch range from 3% of the general population in the US and Europe to 8% of those (from the same areas) who are semi-professional or professional musicians. In music conservatories in Japan however, about 70% of musicians have absolute pitch. Part of the reason for this significantly larger percentage may be because absolute pitch is more common among people who grew up in a tonal (Mandarin, Cantonese, and Vietnamese) or pitch accent (Japanese) language environment. Absolute pitch is also more common in those who are blind from birth, have William’s Syndrome, or have an autism spectrum disorder.

A bird’s range of hearing is similar to ours, although it is more sensitive.  They hear what we hear differently than and perceive it in different ways.
Birds recall absolute pitch.  If you try to teach your bird a song on a piano and always play it in the same octave, they will recognize the song.  If you play the same song, but in a higher or lower octave, they may not. Birds can hear shorter sounds than we can.  A human can hear a single sound, a musical note for instance,  that is 1/20th of a second long, whereas a bird can hear in increments of 1/200th of a second.  So this means that where we perceive one note, a bird could hear ten.
More at
http://www.absolutepitcheartraining.com/perfectpitchtest.html

Differences in cortical thickness between musicians with and without absolute pitch in areas of the frontal lobe. Colored regions indicate statistically significant differences in cortical thickness between the 12 strongest and 12 weakest performers on a test of absolute pitch (AP)

http://perfectpitch.ucsf.edu/survey/page1.php
Do u have Absolute Pitch Take The Pitch Test

Possessors of absolute pitch exhibit the ability in varying degrees. Generally, absolute pitch implies some or all of the following abilities when done without reference to an external standard:

    * Identify by name individual pitches (e.g. A, B, C?) played on various instruments
    * Name the key of a given piece of tonal music just by listening(without reference to an external
       -tone)
    * Identify and name all the tones of a given chord or other tonal mass
    * Accurately sing a given pitch without an external reference
    * Name the pitches of common everyday noises such as car horns
    * Identify the numerical value in hertz of a given note.

Individuals may possess both absolute pitch and relative pitch ability in varying degrees. Both relative and absolute pitch work together in actual musical listening and practice, although individuals exhibit preferred strategies in using each skill.

7 – Tetrachromacy

Featherly Colors

The color-detecting equipment inside an eye is called a “cone.”

Tetrachromacy is the ability to see light from four distinct sources. An example of this in the animal kingdom is the zebrafish (Danio rerio), which can see light from the red, green, blue, and ultraviolet sections of the light spectrum. True tetrachromacy in humans is much rarer however – according to Wikipedia only two possible tetrachromats have been identified.

The color-detecting equipment inside an eye is called a “cone.”

The number of visible colors is defined by the kinds of cones in the eye.
Humans are normally trichromats, having three types of cone cells that receive light from either the red, green, or blue part of the light spectrum.

A Cone Cell
 Each cone can pick up about 100 graduations of color and the brain combines colors and graduations so that there are about 1 million distinguishable hues coloring your world.

Are You a Tetrachromat?

If all you see are three circles filled with dots of the same color, you are normal. If you see something different (such as different colored letters inside each circle)
You may be a tetrachromat: very rare and super human.
A tetrachromat is sort of like being a super taster of color vision. To date, only two or three people have been identified as potential tetrachromats.
The most likely candidate for being a tetrachromat:
• You are a woman
• You have men with red/green colorblindness in your family.
• In particular, you have a son or father with red/green colorblindness.
Test Link…
http://www.blogadilla.com/2008/06/08/are-you-a-tetrachromat/

A Tetrachromat is someone who can see additional colors that normal humans cannot. Regular people can see 3 primary colors and TetraChromats can see four, thus opening them up to an endless array of different shades of colors we’ve never seen at all. A true tetrachromat with an extra type of cone between red and green (in the orange range) would, theoretically, be able to perceive 100 million colors.

Like supertasting, tetrachromacy is thought to be much more common in women than men – estimates range from 2 – 3% to 50% of women. Interestingly, colour-blindness in men (much more common than in women) may be inherited from women with tetrachromacy.

Amazing, just to think of it. Unfortunately, in the future this great gift could turn out to be a challenge for them. For instance, in the future of 3D TV and 3D movies it could be problematic entirely, meaning they will not be able to enjoy what we see so well. Remember, 3D uses strategies which trick the eyes.

Further Reading
Color Art n science…
http://sirl.stanford.edu/~bob/teaching/pdf/arth202/Mollon_ColourArtScience_sm.pdf

6 – Echolocation

Extraordinary People – The boy who sees without eyes
http://www.youtube.com/v/MNkJ1diTxOE&rel=0

Echolocation is how bats fly around in dark forests – they emit a sound, wait for the echo to return, and use that sound of the echo in each ear plus the return time to work out where an object is and how far away. Surprisingly (well, maybe not on this list!), humans are also capable of using echolocation. Use of echolocation is probably restricted to blind people because it takes a long time to master and heightened sensitivity to reflected sound.

To navigate via echolocation a person actively creates a noise (e.g. tapping a cane or clicking the tongue) and determines from the echoes where objects are located around them. People skilled at this can often tell where an object is, what size it is, and its density. Because humans cannot make or hear the higher pitched frequencies that bats and dolphins use they can only picture objects that are comparatively larger than those ‘seen’ by echolocating animals.

Human echolocation is the ability of humans to sense objects in their environment by hearing echoes from those objects. This ability is used by some blind people to navigate within their environment. They actively create sounds, such as by tapping their canes, lightly stomping their foot or by making clicking noises with their mouths. Human echolocation is similar in principle to active sonar and to the animal echolocation employed by some animals, including bats and dolphins.

Time waveform (a) and spectrogram (b) of a typical echolocation pulse of an big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). Echolocation pulses are brief in time (1-5ms) and between 20 kHz and 100 kHz in frequency.

By interpreting the sound waves reflected by nearby objects, a person trained to navigate by echolocation can identify the location and sometimes size of nearby objects and use this information to steer around obstacles and travel from place to place. However, since humans make sounds with much lower frequencies and slower rates, human echolocation can only picture comparatively much larger objects than other echolocating animals.

Tuning In – Some blind people have developed their own personal sonar technique by using echolocation to locate objects and navigate their surroundings

People with the ability to echolocate include James Holman, Daniel Kish, and Ben Underwood. Perhaps the most remarkable and well-documented of cases is the story of Ben Underwood, who lost both his eyes to retinal cancer at the age of three. He is shown in the video above (warning: the scene where he puts in his prosthetic eyeballs may be a bit disturbing for some).

http://www.thetartan.org/2010/3/1/scitech/humanecholocation
Health Talk: Human Echolocation

5 – Genetic Chimerism

Dna 500

In the Iliad Homer described a creature having body parts from different animals, a chimera, from this mythological monster comes the name of the genetic equivalent – chimerism. Genetic chimerism, or tetragametism, in humans and other animals happens when two fertilized eggs or embryos fuse together early in pregnancy. Each zygote carries a copy of its parents DNA and thus a distinct genetic profile. When these merge, each population of cells retains its genetic character and the resulting embryo becomes a mixture of both. Essentially, a human chimera is their own twin.

Protein Data Bank (PDB) 3-D Structure
http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGene?org=Human&hgg_gene=uc001mae.1&hgg_chrom=none&db=hg18

Chimerism in humans is very rare; Wikipedia states that there are only about 40 reported cases. DNA testing is often used to establish whether a person is biologically related to their parents or children and can uncover cases of chimerism when DNA results show that children are not biologically related to their mothers – because the child inherited a different DNA profile to the one shown by a blood test. This is what happened in the case of Lydia Fairchild: DNA tests of herself and her children led the state to think that she was not actually their mother.

People born with chimerism typically have immune systems that make them tolerant to both genetically distinct populations of cells in their body. This means that a chimera has a much wider array of people to choose from should they need an organ transplant.

more reading
http://www.mitochondrial.net/showabstract.php?pmid=17917028