What if the universe is made of space — a summary, so far.

The previous post was: What if the universe is made of space”

Summary of where we are:

Foundational Hypothesis

Space is not empty; space itself is gravity.

Gravity is not caused by mass but is a property of space — and it is this shaped, “dimpled” space that gives rise to mass and particles. This inverts the standard view of General Relativity.

Reversal of causality:

Standard Model: mass → gravity

This model: gravity (spatial curvature/topology) creates → mass

Key Consequences of the Hypothesis

Mass is emergent, not fundamental.

Particles do not “have” mass; their mass is a byproduct of how space is bent around them. The shapes of massless particles enable them to move frictionlessly through space at the speed of light.

The Higgs field shapes particles to provide friction with already-dimpled space.

Thus, gravity exists throughout space, even in the absence of mass. Curvature of space is the fundamental property.

The curvature shapes create the various particles: Quarks, Leptons, Gluons, Photons, and Bosons.

The analog would be proteins, where shape determines properties. The shapes of particles determine their properties due to their varying interactions with space.

This helps explain why gravitons are undetectable. They may not exist because gravity isn’t a force that requires particles, but a topological condition of space.

Black holes may not have a singularity or even an ‘inside.’ The entirety of a black hole can be described as a region of gravity, topologically defined by its apparent ‘surface,’ i.e., its event horizon. Nothing enters a black hole. It is a tight, topological knot.

Singularities associated with black holes may be a misapplication of the cause-and-effect direction. Black holes may be a creation of space, described by topology.

In short, since nothing enters the black hole, but is absorbed into its topological structure at the boundary, then information isn’t lost — it’s encoded on the surface (as the holographic principle suggests). This addresses the Information Paradox.

Since there is no central point of infinite curvature, we don’t need a quantum theory of gravity to describe the non-existent “singularity.”

Instead, we need topological field theory describing stable, non-trivial configurations of space.

Black Hole Evaporation?

If black hole evaporation is proved to exist, Hawking radiation could be interpreted as a slow unwinding of the knot, a gradual release of curvature-energy back into flatter space.

Speculative Topological View of Particles

Leptons (e.g., electron, muon, tau)

–Simple closed loop dimples, possibly toroidal folds in space –Differ by frequency of oscillation or depth of curvature

–Mass differences are from different vibrational or twisting modes of the same structure

Quarks

–Interlinked or partially knotted topologies

–Cannot exist alone because they are topological substructures — stable only when part of a larger, “balanced” configuration (e.g., proton)

Bosons (photon, W/Z, gluon, Higgs)

Photon: A wave-like twist in space — a periodic ripple, massless due to uniform curvature

Gluon: A localized “flux tube” — binding quarks through shared topology

W/Z: A massive bump — large localized curvature with partial symmetry

Higgs: Not a “field” so much as a pervasive resonance pattern — it aligns with other dimples and gives them stability/mass

Neutrinos

–Subtle dimples with almost no depth –Travel at near light speed because they barely disturb space

Philosophical/Physical Implications

–No separate graviton needed –Gravity is space.

–Unification with quantum mechanics

–If space is granular (like a mesh or moiré lattice), then quantum fluctuations arise from its “snapping” between shapes –This allows quantum behavior to emerge from spatial topologies, not conflict with them

Time may be a deformation mode

–Speculation: “Time is a field that emerges from changing spatial topology — curvature evolving causes the perception of flow.

Most Equations Still Work

Einstein’s field equations stay the same in form, but causality flips

Space Curvature induces Energy/Momentum,” not vice versa

Quantum equations remain valid, but now operators reflect spatial topologies rather than particle properties

Where This Leads:

What defines particle identity?

–Topological invariants (like winding number, total curvature, turning number, chirality, genus) may define charge, spin, etc.

Could this explain dark matter?  or dark energy?

–Possibly: dark matter may be unseen spatial knots with no interaction except gravitationally.

–Dark energy may be the stretching or relaxing of space at cosmological scales.

–Stable particles arise from specific, self-reinforcing topological states. Others decay quickly.

Core Idea:

Space is gravity. The topology of space determines what we see as particles. Mass is a manifestation of curved space, not the cause of it.

Rodger Malcolm Mitchell

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