A Fuel Cell Design Seeks To Be Cheaper Than Fossil Fuels

Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) researchers have built a palladium- magnesium oxide core-shell combination catalyst for fuel cells. The palladium nanoparticle cores are not sintered together and maintain spaces between each another because of the magnesium oxide shells. The development maximizes their ability to react with chemicals.

The OIST team offers that fuel cells in which electrical energy is harnessed directly from live, self-sustaining chemical reactions promise cheaper alternatives to fossil fuels.

To promote faster energy conversion in nanoparticle catalyzed cells, scientists disperse nanoparticles made from special metals called ‘noble’ metals, for example gold, silver and platinum along the surface of an electrode. These metals are not as chemically responsive as other metals at the macroscale but their atoms become more responsive at the nanoscale. The nanoparticles made from these metals act as a catalyst, enhancing the rate of the necessary chemical reaction that liberates electrons from the fuel.

In building a typical electrode the nanoparticles are sputtered onto the electrode where they squash together like putty, forming larger clusters. This compacting tendency, called sintering, reduces the overall surface area available to molecules of the fuel to interact with the catalytic nanoparticles, thus preventing them from realizing their full potential in the fuel cells.

Research by the Nanoparticles by Design Unit at OIST, in collaboration with the SLAC National Laboratory in the USA and the Austrian Centre for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, has developed a way to prevent noble metal nanoparticles from compacting, by encapsulating them individually inside a porous shell made of a metal oxide.

The OIST researchers published their findings in Nanoscale. Their work has immediate applications in the field of nano-catalysis for the manufacturing of more efficient fuel cells.

The OIST researchers designed a novel system, first encapsulatong palladium nanoparticles in a shell of magnesium oxide. Then they dispersed this core-shell combination on an electrode and measured the immersed electrode’s abilities in improving the rate of the electrochemical reaction that occurs in methanol fuel cells. They demonstrated that encapsulated palladium nanoparticles give a significantly superior performance than bare palladium nanoparticles.

The OIST researchers had previously realized that magnesium oxide nanoparticles could form porous shells around noble metal nanoparticles while studying magnesium and palladium nanoparticles separately. The porosity of this added armor ensures it does not screen molecules of the fuel from reaching the encapsulated palladium. Electron microscopy images confirmed that the magnesium oxide shell simply acts as a spacer between the palladium cores as they try to stick to each other, letting each to realize its full reactive potential.

The advanced nanoparticle deposition system at OIST allowed the researchers to fine tune the experimental parameters and vary the thickness of the encapsulating shell as well as the number of palladium nanoparticles in the core with relative ease. Tuning sizes and structures of nanoparticles alters their physical and chemical properties for different applications.

Vidyadhar Singh, the paper’s first author said, “More core-shell combinations can be tried using our technique, with metals cheaper than Palladium for instance, like Nickel or Iron. Our results show enough promise to continue in this new direction.” Singh is also a postdoctoral fellow under the supervision of Prof. Mukhles Sowwan, the director of OIST’s Nanoparticles by Design Unit, who was also a corresponding author of the paper.

Going cheaper than fossil fuel in today’s market would be a high threshold of accomplishment. This team deserves support to follow on. The native high efficiency of fuel cells, the design opportunities, the light alcohol fuels for hydrogen storage and transport are very intriguing paths to common sense goals.

Great work! Lets hope there is another paper with much more development detail soon.