Device Wrapped Around a Hot Surface Makes Electricity

Penn State scientists have designed a new flexible thermoelectric generator that can wrap around pipes and other hot surfaces and convert wasted heat into electricity more efficiently than previously possible.

The energy systems that power our lives also produce wasted heat – like heat that radiates off hot water pipes in buildings and exhaust pipes on vehicles.

The report about the new device has been published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.

Shashank Priya, associate vice president for research and professor of materials science and engineering at Penn State said, “A large amount of heat from the energy we consume is essentially being thrown away, often dispersed right into the atmosphere. We haven’t had cost-effective ways with conformal shapes to trap and convert that heat to useable energy. This research opens that door.”

Penn State researchers have been working to improve the performance of thermoelectric generators – devices that can convert differences in temperature to electricity. When the devices are placed near a heat source, electrons moving from the hot side to the cold side produce an electric current, the scientists explained.

In prior work, the team created rigid devices that were more efficient than commercial units in high-temperature applications. Now the team has developed a new manufacturing process to produce flexible devices that offer higher power output and efficiency, they said.

Wenjie Li, assistant research professor at Penn State said, “These results provide a promising pathway toward widespread utilization of thermoelectric technology into waste heat recovery applications,” said Wenjie Li, assistant research professor at Penn State. “This could have a significant impact on the development of practical thermal to electrical generators.”

Flexible devices better fit the most attractive waste heat sources, like pipes in industrial and residential buildings and on vehicles. And they don’t have to be glued on surfaces like traditional, rigid devices, which further decreases efficiency.

In tests being conducted on a gas flue, the new device exhibited 150% higher power density than other state-of-the-art units, the scientists reported in the paper at Applied Materials & Interfaces. A scaled-up version, just over 3-inches squared, maintained a 115% power density advantage. That version exhibited a total power output of 56.6 watts when placed on the hot surface.

Priya explained, “Think about an industrial power plant with pipes hundreds of feet long. If you can wrap these devices around an area that large, you could generate kilowatts of energy from wasted heat that’s normally just being thrown away. You could convert discarded heat into something useful.”

Thermoelectric devices are made up of small couples, each resembling a table with two legs. Many of these two-leg couples are connected together, typically forming a flat, square device.

In creating the new device, scientists placed six couples along a thin strip. They then used flexible metal foil to connect 12 of the strips together, creating a device with 72 couples. Liquid metal was used between the layers of each strip to improve device performance, the scientist said.

Bed Poudel, associate research professor at Penn State commented, “As you scale up these devices, you often lose power density, making it challenging to fabricate large-scale thermoelectric generators. This illustrates the extraordinary performance of our 72-couple device.”

The team noted the 72-couple device exhibited the highest reported output power and device power density from a single thermoelectric generator.

The gaps between the strips provide the flexibility to fit around shapes like pipes. The gaps also allow for flexibility in altering the fill factor, or the ratio between the area of thermoelectric material and the area of the device, which can be used to optimize thermoelectric devices for different heat sources.

Other Penn State researchers on the project were Amin Nozariasbmarz, assistant research professor; Han Byul Kang and Hangtain Zhu, postdoctoral researchers; and Carter Dettor, a former graduate student. Ravi Anant Kishore, research engineer at National Renewable Energy Laboratory, also contributed.

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This could be a breakthrough. A 150% increase is quite an improvement, and 115% very impressive at about 9 square inches, almost enough to wrap a 1 inch pipe. Your humble writer is impressed and hope the work continues and grows even more productive. There is an immense amount of energy just radiated out into the atmosphere to be gathered and used.

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