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Thyroid Disease :Euthyroid sick syndrome as a result of Ischemic heart disease

Sunday, October 20, 2013 5:40
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Euthyroid sick syndrome
Euthyroid sick syndrome is defined as a condition of  low T3 low T4 syndrome. According ot the study by the Mayo Clinic, in  other word this is the abnormalities of thyroid hormone concentrations seen commonly in a wide variety of nonthyroidal illnesses, resulting in low triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations(a). Decreased triiodothyronine (T3) levels are most common. Patients with more severe or prolonged illness also have decreased thyroxine (T4) levels. Serum reverse T3 (rT3) is increased. Patients are clinically euthyroid and do not have elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels(b). Causes of euthyroid sick syndrome include a number of acute and chronic conditions, including pneumonia, fasting, starvation, sepsis, trauma, cardiopulmonary bypass, malignancy, stress, heart failure, hypothermia, myocardial infarction, chronic renal failure, cirrhosis, and diabetic ketoacidosis and inflammatory bowel disease(c). Others, in the study of classified SES into 3 subgroups according to the different alterations seen in the values of T3, T4, FT3, FT4, TSH, rT3 and TBG suggested that in SES type I the diseases seen, in order of frequency, were: obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy with acute respiratory failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, neoplasms, ischemic heart disease, cardiac failure, chronic renal failure, liver diseases, acute cerebral vasculopathies, sepsis and collagenopathies. The disease seen in the 2 cases of SES type II was obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy with acute respiratory failure. In SES type III the diseases seen were, in order of frequency: diabetic ketoacidosis, lung diseases, ischemic heart disease, cardiac failure, peripheral arteriopathies, acute cerebral vasculopathies, neoplasms, liver diseases, acute renal failure(d).
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease is defined as medical conditions affecting the cardiovascular system, including heart, blood vessels(arteries and veins).

II. Ischemic heart disease
 Ischemic heart disease is defined as a condition of  reduced blood supply of the heart muscle, as a result of  coronary artery disease caused by plague building up in the arteries.
A. Symptoms
Reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle may be resulting in a number of symptoms, which can vary in intensity among individuals.
1. Angina pectoris
Angina pectoris is defined as a condition of chest pain as a result of lack of blood supply to the heart muscle, due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries of the heart’s blood vessels.

2. Acute coronary syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome is defined as any group of symptoms caused by obstruction of the coronary arteries, mostly due to  ST elevation myocardial infarction (30%), non ST elevation myocardial infarction (25%), or unstable angina (38%)
a. ST elevation myocardial infarction
St elevation myocardial infarction is a heart attack as a result of blockage of blood flow to the heart long enough time to cause damage or die of the heart muscle.
b. Unstable angina 
Unstable angina, a type of acute coronary syndrome is a medical condition as a result of the heart not enough blood flow and oxygen cause of heart attack
c. Myocardial infarction
 Myocardial infarction, a severe chest pain can not be relieved by rest as a result of acute heart damage.
Some researchers suggested that Ischemia refers to inadequate supply of oxygen and metabolic substrate to an organ. The term myocardial ischemia covers a heterogeneous group of clinical syndromes, globally called ischemic heart disease, which includes chronic stable angina at one end of the spectrum and acute myocardial infarction at the other end. Between these two extremes, there is a broad myriad of intermediate syndromes, all having in common a mismatch between oxygen demand and supply. Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of all morbidity and mortality in the United States(1).

3. Heart failure 
Heart failure is defined as a condition in which the heart can’t pump and/or fill enough blood to meet the body’s needs due to weakness of the heart muscle of that can lead to difficulty in breathing or swelling of the extremities

4. Fatigue and depression
Disease stage was neither associated with symptoms of fatigue (P=0.99) nor depression (P=0.29) at 12 months. In contrast, type-D personality was shown to predict both symptoms of fatigue [odds ratio (OR)=2.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.92-4.58, P<0.001] and depression (OR=4.91; 95% CI: 3.16-7.65, P<0.001) at follow-up, but type-D personality(2)

5. Other symptoms include 
a. Clammy skin
b. Nausea with or without vomiting
c. Pain in the neck or jaw
d. difficulty in breathing or rapid breathing
e. swelling of the extremities
f. Pain on Shoulder or arm
g. Etc.

6. Etc.

B. Causes and Risk Factors
B.1. Causes
Cause of  Ischemic heart disease is a result of reduced blood supply of the heart muscle, due to coronary artery disease caused by plague building up in the arteries.

B.2. Risk Factors 
1. Diabetes 
Dr. Wentworth JM and the research team at the Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, indicated that people with long-standing type 2 diabetes who attend a tertiary hospital outpatient clinic, ischemic heart disease, in contrast to other vascular complications, correlates robustly with BMI. These findings indicate that clinical trials of weight loss in type 2 diabetes should use cardiac endpoints as their primary outcomes(3).

2. High lever of blood cholesterol
In the study of the male population of Kaunas, aged 45-59 years, who were examined in 1972-1974, Among 2,034 men, who at the first examination were without signs of ischemic heart disease (IHD), there appeared after 7.4 years 75 cases of IHD as a result of increased high levels of blood cholesterol(4)

3. Hypertension
“Epidemiological surveys show the clear association of hypertension with an increased risk of developing ischemic heart disease. One method of quantifying atherosclerosis is to measure, at necropsy, the percentage of the intimal surface of the coronary arteries or aorta which is occupied by raised plaques” Dr. Davies MJ. and the team of researchers at St George’s Hospital Medical School, University of Londo, said(5)

4. High blood triglycerides 
High blood triglycerides is associated to increased risk of  Ischemic heart disease. Dr. Chien KL, and the team at the National Taiwan University, indicated that low HDL-C was significantly associated with acute coronary events, and triglyceride levels as well as renal function were inversely related to all-cause deaths after the coronary event(6).

5. Obesity 
In the document of Concomitant ischemic heart disease (IHD), in 350 normotensives (4%) and in 119 hypertensives (13.8%). The prevalence of IHD was not significantly different in lean, overweight, moderate and severe obese hypertensives, also when sex and smoking habits were considered. Our data indicated a strong association between obesity and hypertension. In addition they may be consistent with the suggestion that obese hypertensives were not characterized by a lower risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), than lean hypertensives(7).

6. Lack of physical activity
In the study to investigate  the relative impact of physical fitness, physical demands at work, and physical activity during leisure time on ischemic heart disease (IHD) and all-cause mortality among employed men with pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD), showed that among gainfully employed men with pre-existing CVD, a high physical fitness was associated with a substantially reduced risk for IHD and all-cause mortality(8).

7. Smoking and other tobacco use
Some researchers suggested that there is a stronger association between smoking and peripheral arterial disease than ischemic heart disease does not appear to be influenced by the other risk factors(9)


8. Family history of heart disease
Literature suggests that inherited factors are important in the development of premature ischemic heart disease, but decline in importance with age(10)

9. Excessive drinking
In the study to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and overall cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a Mediterranean cohort, showed that Heavy drinking was associated with an increase in the prevalence of all of these disease states(11)


10. Unhealthy diet
Diet high in saturated fat and trans fat can lead to cholesterol building up in the arterial wall of that can decrease blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle.

11. Stress, coping, and social support as psychosocial factors
Data on stress (Stress Appraisal Scale), coping strategies (Ways of Coping Questionnaire), and social network/social support (Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire) were collected from 100 persons with the primary diagnosis of IHD prior to discharge from hospital, in the study ofStress, coping, and social support as psychosocial factors in readmissions for ischaemic heart disease, indicated that greater use of the coping strategy ‘seeking social support’ was associated with the readmission of persons who had had their first admission for IHD. Less use of the coping strategy ‘accepting responsibility’ was associated with the readmission of persons who had a history of prior admission for IHD(12).

12. Sickle-cell disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited chronic haemolytic anaemia whose clinical manifestations arise from the tendency of the haemoglobin to polymerize and deform red blood cells into the characteristic sickle shape due to a single nucleotide change in the β-globin. Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is associated with recurrent multi-organ ischemia and infarction. Myocardial ischemia (MI) and infarction are increasingly recognised as features of SCA(13)

13. Shift work and metabolic syndrome
Other researchers suggested that Shift work and metabolic syndrome also associated to increased risk of  Ischemic heart disease(14).
I would like to summarize this section by quoting the study by Dr. Fowkes FG and the research team at University of Edinburgh, “Multiple regression of risk factors on measures of peripheral arterial disease showed associations with diabetes mellitus (but not impaired glucose tolerance), systolic blood pressure, and serum cholesterol; inverse association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and only univariate association with triglycerides. In multiple logistic regressions of risk factors on six separate indicators of cardiovascular disease, the only consistent difference was that smoking increased the risk of peripheral arterial disease (range of odds ratios, 1.8-5.6) more than heart disease (range of odds ratios, 1.1-1.6)”(15).

14. Etc.

C. Diagnosis and tests
Diagnosis of ischemic heart disease are depending to the nature symptoms for discovering the disease in its early stages to prevent a heart attack from occurring
1. Electrocardiogram or electrocardiography (ECG)
Electrocardiogram or electrocardiography (ECG) is the test to diagnose the heart conditions by measuring the electrical activity of the heart and highly recommendation for patients showing symptoms of severe chest pain. An abnormal patterns on the EKG may be an indication of Ischemia. In some cases, exercise testing, an exercise ECG test or ‘stress test’ as ECG recording is taken while you are exercising  to induce the symptoms of chest pain in finding the causes.

2. X ray
X ray may be necessary to rule out other causes of the symptoms.

3. Blood tests
The aim of the blood test is to monitor the activity of the heart, including cardiac enzyme tests to test for the damage of heart muscle.

4. Echocardiogram (echo)
Echocardiogram (echo) provide your doctor an image of your heart using sound waves by identifying the overall function of your heart, including the structure, thickness, movement of each heart valve, etc. 
Some researchers indicated that Exercise testing, whether by echocardiography or ECG, is more useful at excluding CAD than confirming it. Clinicians have concentrated on individualising the treatment of CAD, but there is great scope for individualising the diagnosis of CAD using exercise testing(16).

5. Coronary angiography
The aim of the test is to provide information of providing information of  your heart functioning and to identify the narrowing and blockage of the coronary arteries.

6. Radionuclide stress test
The aim of the test is to identify whether the blockage in a coronary artery results in diminished blood flow to a part of the cardiac muscle.

7. Etc.

D. Prevention
D.1. The Do’s and Do not’s list
1. Healthy diet

In the study to compare two strategies for atherosclerosis treatment: drugs and healthy lifestyle, found that Statins act mainly as lipid-lowering drugs but pleiotropic actions are also present. Healthy lifestyle, on the other hand, is effective and inexpensive and has no harmful effects. Five items are associated with lower cardiac risk: non-smoking, BMI ≤25, regular exercise (30 min/day), healthy diet (fruits, vegetables, low-saturated fat, and 5-30 g alcohol/day)(17).
a. Low intake of saturated and trans fats
High levels of bad cholesterol and triglyceride partial block the blood flow in the vessels, it not only increases the risk of high blood pressure but also the risk of ischemia if the blood circulation diminishes.
d. Increase intake fish and olive oil
Studies indicate that the use of fish oil is associated with coronary heart disease risk reduction. A number of mechanisms may be responsible for such effects. These include prevention of arrhythmias as well as lowering heart rate and blood pressure, decreasing platelet aggregation, and lowering triglyceride levels. The latter is accomplished by decreasing the production of hepatic triglycerides and increasing the clearance of plasma triglycerides(19). Other researchers indicated that in both sexes consumption of olive oil and vegetable oil was inversely associated with serum cholesterol and glucose levels and systolic blood pressure(20). 
c. High amount intake of in fiber 
Consumption of dietary fiber from cereals and fruits is inversely associated with risk of coronary heart disease. In a study of over 6 to 10 years of follow-up, 5249 incident total coronary cases and 2011 coronary deaths occurred among 91058 men and 245186 women. After adjustment for demographics, body mass index, and lifestyle factors, each 10-g/d increment of energy-adjusted and measurement error-corrected total dietary fiber was associated with a 14% (relative risk [RR], 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-0.96) decrease in risk of all coronary events and a 27% (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.87) decrease in risk of coronary death. For cereal, fruit, and vegetable fiber intake (not error corrected), RRs corresponding to 10-g/d increments were 0.90 (95% CI, 0.77-1.07), 0.84 (95% CI, 0.70-0.99), and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.88-1.13), respectively, for all coronary events and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.63-0.
Fiber is found in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. A fiber-rich diet not only helps lower your LDL cholesterol level, but also provides nutrients that may help protect against CHD(21).
d. Low intake of salt and sugar
d.1. Manage your blood pressure and reduce intake of salt, beverage and sugar
The worldwide increase in the incidence of metabolic syndrome correlates with marked increase in total fructose intake in the form of high-fructose corn syrup, beverage and table sugar. Increased dietary fructose intake in rodents has been shown to recapitulate many aspects of metabolic syndrome by causing hypertension, insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia(22).
d.2. Prevent weight gain and control diabetes and prediabetes
In the study to test a 16-week group-based weight reduction intervention combining exercise, diet and behaviour change strategies aimed to increase self-efficacy (Healthy Eating and Exercise Lifestyle Program-HEELP) on weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and exercise, found that The HEELP resulted in weight loss and improved exercise behaviour in obese people with CHD and T2DM(23).
d.3. Mediterranean style low-carb diet
The best approach to the dietary prevention of CVD is a Mediterranean style low-carb diet represented in the LOGI pyramid. Dietary guidelines for the prevention of CVD should to be revised accordingly(24).
2. Tobacco
Cigarette contains high levels of cadmium, inhaling the chemical during smoking or second hand smoke can cause building up of plaque along to the arterial walls as a result of oxidation.

3. Moderate consumption of Green tea, coffee and alcohol

Regular consumption of moderate quantities of coffee and (green) tea seems to be associated with a small protection against CAD, results from randomized clinical trials about their beneficial effects are less evident. As for other diffuse consumption habits, such as that of alcohol, moderation is the key word. In fact, both for coffee and chocolate, the optimal healthy effects on CAD have been observed to be associated with a moderate intake, while healthy outcomes vanish at heavy consumption(25).
4. Maintaining a healthy weight
Obesity increases the risk of ischemia as it is normally associated with high levels of cholesterol, high blood pressure.
5. Managing stress
Music listening may have a beneficial effect on blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, anxiety, and pain in persons with CHD. However, the quality of the evidence is not strong and the clinical significance unclear. Most studies examined the effects of listening to pre-recorded music. More research is needed on the effects of music offered by a trained music therapist(26). Other researchers in the study to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients referred to a cardiology outpatient clinic for performing the stress test suggested that the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms was estimated to be 42% and 31%, respectively, in the total chest pain population. Males with abnormal test were depressed but females experienced more anxiety symptoms. Patients with negative tests had significantly higher scores for anxiety and higher depression scores than those with positive tests. Eleven percent of the patients with positive tests were women and 23% were men(27).
6. Say No drug
There is a report of a 31 year old man with a 17-year-history of drug abuse (heroine and cannabis) was admitted with recurrent chest pain over a period of about three weeks. Chest discomfort severely worsened during the 5 hours before hospital admission. Electrocardiography revealed poor R-wave progression and non specific repolarization abnormalities. Echocardiography showed extensive left ventricular anterior and apical wall motion abnormalities and a ventricular thrombus located at the apex of the left ventricle was present. Subsequently, a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome was made(28)
7. Relaxation
In the study to observe the effect of regular yogic practices and self-discipline in reducing body fat and elevated lipids in CAD patients, showed that Reduction of SBP, DBP, heart rate, body fat%, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL after regular yogic practices is beneficial for cardiac and hypertensive patients. Therefore yogic practices included in this study are helpful for the patients of coronary artery disease(29).
8. Etc.

D.2. Diet to prevent Ischemic heart disease
The aims of the diet is to reduce the unhealthy diet and coronary artery disease risk factors causes of Ischemic heart disease.
1. Avocados are a commercially valuable fruit and are cultivated in tropical climates throughout the world, it is a green-skinned, pear-shaped fruit that ripens after harvesting and native to the Caribbean, Mexico, South America and Central America, belonging to the flowering plant family Lauraceae.
a. Cholesterol
In the determination of the atherogenicity of avocado oil relative to saturated (coconut oil), monounsaturated (olive oil) and polyunsaturated (corn oil) fats found that Coconut oil was the most atherogenic fat. Corn oil was only slightly less atherogenic than either olive or avocado oils. Percentage of serum HDL cholesterol was highest in the rabbits fed the two monounsaturated fats, according to “Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis 24: avocado oil” by Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Wright S, Czarnecki SK, Wilson TA, Nicolosi RJ.(30)

b. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prevent and treat Diabetes. Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of “Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus” by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(31)

c. Heart diseases
c.1.The chemical compound Beta-Sitosterol is found effectively in reducing the bad cholesterol and leaving the good cholesterol untouched by inhibiting the amount our body can absorb, thus reducing the risk of plague building up in the arterial walls, leading to heart diseases, according to the study of “The Effect of Beta Sitosterol on the Serum Lipids of Young Men with Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease” by JOHN W. FARQUHAR M.D.; RALPH E. SMITH M.D.; MARY E. DEMPSEY M.S., posted in Circulation(32)

c.2. It also reduce the risk of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, according to the study of “Effect of vitamin D and β-sitosterol on immune function of macrophages” by Alappat L, Valerio M, Awad AB.(33)

2. Almond consists of an outer hull and a hard shell with the seed (nut) inside is native to the Middle East. It is most widely cultivated seed in the world for it economic and health benefit.
a. . Cholesterol
In the research of almond consumption in the improvement of serum lipid profiles found that almond consumption ranging from 25 to 168 g/day significantly lowered total cholesterol [weighted mean difference -6.95 mg/dL (95% confidence interval [CI] -13.12 to -0.772) (-0.18 mmol/L [95% CI -0.34 to -0.02])] and showed a strong trend toward reducing LDL cholesterol [weighted mean difference -5.79 mg/dL (95% CI -11.2 to 0.00) (-0.15 mmol/L [95% CI -0.29 to 0.00])]. No significant effect on HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, or LDL:HDL ratio was found, according to “Almonds have a neutral effect on serum lipid profiles: a meta-analysis of randomized trials” by Phung OJ, Makanji SS, White CM, Coleman CI.(34)

b. Antioxidants
In the evaluation of antioxidant properties of almond green husks (Cvs. Duro Italiano, Ferraduel, Ferranhês, Ferrastar and Orelha de Mula), chestnut skins and chestnut leaves (Cvs. Aveleira, Boa Ventura, Judia and Longal) found that all the assayed by-products revealed good antioxidant properties, with very low EC(50) values (lower than 380 μg/mL), particularly for lipid peroxidation inhibition (lower than 140 μg/mL). The total phenols and flavonoids contents were also determined. The correlation between these bioactive compounds and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, inhibition of β-carotene bleaching and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in pig brain tissue through formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, was also obtained, according to “Antioxidant potential of chestnut (Castanea sativa L.) and almond (Prunus dulcis L.) by-products” by Barreira JC, Ferreira IC, Oliveira MB, Pereira JA.(35)

c.  Cardiovascular diseases
Since it contains high amount of Omega 3 fatty acid, it helps to prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases by reducing arrhythmias and altering production of prostaglandins, which reduces inflammation and improves platelet and endothelial function, according to “Omega-3 Fatty acids for cardiovascular disease prevention” by Defilippis AP, Blaha MJ, Jacobson TA.(36)

3. Salmon is the common name for Salmonidae. They are anadromous, born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then travel thousands of miles in the deep sea cold water throughout their life cycle and within to five years returning to the exacted location where they were born to reproduce and die.
a. Triacylglycerols
In the investigation of Intake of fish and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids is associated with a reduced concentration of plasma triacylglycerols (TAG) found that intake of cod or salmon when compared with the control group. In conclusion, both lean and fatty fish may lower TAG, possibly by reducing the 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio related to allosteric inhibition of SCD1 activity, rather than by influencing the synthesis of enzyme protein, according to “Daily Intake of Cod or Salmon for 2 Weeks Decreases the 18:1n-9/18:0 Ratio and Serum Triacylglycerols in Healthy Subjects” by Telle-Hansen VH, Larsen LN, Høstmark AT, Molin M, Dahl L, Almendingen K, Ulven SM.(37)

b. Weight loss
In the investigation of supplementation with n3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-LCPUFA) and its effect in body weight, found that At the end of the 1-month period, 16 children lost weight and 27 children gained weight. Multiple analysis demonstrated that supplementation with n3-LCPUFA decreased HOMA-IR by 15% after adjusting for puberty, treatment adherence, changes in adipokines, and weight loss. Interaction between supplementation and weight loss was significant (p = 0.007), according to “Supplementation of n3 Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Synergistically Decreases Insulin Resistance with Weight Loss of Obese Prepubertal and Pubertal Children” by López-Alarcón M, Martínez-Coronado A, Velarde-Castro O, Rendón-Macías E, Fernández J.(38)

c. Cholesterol
In the assessment of an increasing drive to replace fish oil (FO) in finfish aquaculture diets with vegetable oils (VO), driven by the short supply of FO derived from wild fish stocks,
found that these effects are most likely mediated by SREBP2, which responds to reductions in dietary cholesterol. These changes are sufficient to maintain whole body cholesterol levels but not HUFA levels, according to “Functional genomics reveals increases in cholesterol biosynthetic genes and highly unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis after dietary substitution of fish oil with vegetable oils in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)” by Leaver MJ, Villeneuve LA, Obach A, Jensen L, Bron JE, Tocher DR, Taggart JB.(39)

d. Coronary heart disease
In determination of Omega-3-fatty acids play a protective role in the prevention of CHD,
found that The treatment with salmon oil led to a decrease of triglycerides in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and to an increase of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemia. Following the increase of malondialdehyde as measure of the lipid peroxidation a substitution of antioxidants, like vitamin E and vitamin C, seems to be useful. Further investigations are necessary before wide use of fish-oil capsules, not least to avoid side-effects, according to “[Changes in parameters of lipid metabolism and anti-oxidative potentials in elderly hyperlipoproteinemic patients treated with omega-3 fatty acids].[Article in German]” by Reuter W, Vorberg B, Sauer I, Krumpolt C.(40)

e. Antioxidants
In the research of the antioxidant effect of vitamin E after ingestion of salmon found that that megadoses of vitamin E, far from having pro-oxidative activity, actually increase the anti-oxidative capacity of the liver, especially after ingestion of salmon oil, according to “Effects of megadoses of dietary vitamin E on the antioxidant status of rats fed lard or salmon oil” by Flader D, Brandsch C, Hirche F, Eder K.(41)

4. Soy sauce is a seasoning produced by fermenting soybeans and filamentous fungus, along with water and salt after a period of sometime, it yields a moromi or thick mash of cereal to obtain soy sauce by pressing it to liquid form. Tamari is made by collecting the liquid which was pressed and the liquid drained drains from miso after a certain time of fermentation. 
a. Cardiovascular health
In the investigation of dietary proteins and their effect in heart diseases found that a direct cholesterol lowering effect of proteins has not been shown. Despite earlier research indicating that soy protein has cardioprotective effects as compared to other proteins, these observations have not been confirmed by randomized placebo-controlled trials. However, most experts recommend the consumption of foods rich in plant proteins as alternatives to meat and dairy products rich in saturated fat and containing cholesterol, according to “Dietary proteins and atherosclerosis” by Darioli R.(42)

b.  Hypolipidemic effect
In the observation of Soy sauce (Shoyu), a traditional Japanese fermented seasoning and its effect on cholesterol level found that in a 4-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study, hyperlipidemic men (TG >150 mg/dl) were treated with 600 mg of SPS (n=15) or placebo (n=15) daily. After 4 weeks, serum TG levels in the SPS-treated group were significantly (P<0.05) lower than the baseline (0 week). In conclusion, SPS of soy sauce reduce lipid absorption, and soy sauce is a potentially promising seasoning for the treatment of hyperlipidemia through food, according to “Hypolipidemic effect of Shoyu polysaccharides from soy sauce in animals and humans” by Kobayashi M, Magishi N, Matsushita H, Hashimoto T, Fujimoto M, Suzuki M, Tsuji K, Saito M, Inoue E, Yoshikawa Y, Matsuura T.(43)

5. Pear is Genus Pyrus containg over 30 difference species, belongs to the family Rosaceae and native to western Europe and north Africa east right across Asia. Today, it is cultivation in the cool temperated weather regions all over the world for commercial purposes.
a.  AntioxidantsIn the classification of betalains in juices prepared from Moroccan yellow cactus pears and its antioxidant effect found that the pigments tested act as mixed inhibitors. The inhibitive action of the extracts is discussed in term of adsorption and that such adsorption follows a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The calculated values of the free energy of adsorption indicated that the adsorption process is spontaneous, according to “Betalain: a particular class of antioxidant pigment” by El Gharras H.(44)
b. Stroke
In the assessment of pigmented bioactive compounds, (eg, carotenoids, anthocyanidins, and flavonoids) and theirs effect on stroke found that Higher intake of white fruits and vegetables was inversely associated with incident stroke (Q4, >171 g/d, versus Q1, ≤78 g/d; HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.29-0.77). Each 25-g/d increase in white fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with a 9% lower risk of stroke (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.97). Apples and pears were the most commonly consumed white fruit and vegetables (55%), according to “Colors of fruit and vegetables and 10-year incidence of stroke” by Oude Griep LM, Verschuren WM, Kromhout D, Ocké MC, Geleijnse JM.(45)

c. Dietary fiberDaily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treata. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of “Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus” by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(46)

6. Tomato is a red, edible fruit, genus Solanum, belongs to family Solanaceae, native to South America. Because of its health benefits, tomato is grown world wide for commercial purpose
and often in green house.
a. Cardiovascular diseases
In the review of patents and products within the context of lycopene and CVD prevention and health claims indicated that in vitro data and results from animal experiments partly showed promising preventive mechanisms of lycopene. In contrast, until now, human intervention studies mostly failed to show any CVD prevention. However, there is still an encouraging situation, giving hints for antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory effects of lycopene. These mechanisms could be the background for cardio-protective effects of tomatoes and tomato products, according to “Lycopene and heart health” by Böhm V.(47)

b. Antioxidative and Cancer Cell-Inhibiting Activities
In the research of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) plants synthesize nutrients, pigments, and bioactive compounds and their benefit in nutrition and human health found that Tomato extracts promoted growth in normal liver (Chang) cells, had little effect in normal lung (Hel299) cells, mildly inhibited growth of lung cancer (A549) cells, and first promoted and then, at higher concentrations, inhibited growth in lymphoma (U937) cells. The relationship of cell growth to measured constituents was not apparent, according to “Free Amino Acid and Phenolic Contents and Antioxidative and Cancer Cell-Inhibiting Activities of Extracts of 11 Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Varieties and 13 Tomato-Based Foods” by Choi SH, Kim HR, Kim HJ, Lee IS, Kozukue N, Levin CE, Friedman M.(48)

7. Etc.

D.3. Antioxidants to prevent Ischemic heart disease
1. Nitric oxide (NO)
Nitric oxide (NO), one of the antioxidant and peroxynitrite can inhibit pathways of oxygen radical generation, and, in turn, oxidants can inhibit NO synthesis from NOS.

2. Glutathione and vitamin E
Reduced form of glutathione may act as a first line of defense against oxidative stress during ischemia–reperfusion while vitamin E may act later on during severe oxidative stress by rendering resistance to the heart against the ischemic–reperfusion injury

3. 2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T)
Researcher found that in rat cardiac H9c2 cells, D3T and time-dependent induction of a number of cellular antioxidants and phase 2 enzymes, including catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), GSH peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GR), GSH S-transferase (GST), and NADH:quinone oxidoreduc- tase-1 (NQO1) help to protect against H9c2 cell injury caused by various oxidants and simulated ischemia-reperfusion. D3T pretreatment also resulted in decreased intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen in H9c2 cells after exposure to the oxidants as well as simulated ischemia-reperfusion.

4. Selenium
Deficiency of of a co-enzyme selenium, which is required in maintaining the glutathione redox cycle, also promote more susceptible to oxidative injure.

5. Etc.

D.3. Phytochemicals to prevent Ischaemic heart disease
1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
a. Systolic blood pressure, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol
In the ccomparison of the cardiovascular risk-reduction potential of three major polyunsaturated fatty acids in a double-blind study. showed that for the diet supplemented with EPA plus DHA compared with the linoleic acid diet systolic blood pressure fell 5.1 mm Hg (p = 0.01); plasma triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol fell by 39% (p = 0.001) and 49% (p = 0.01), respectively; and LDL cholesterol rose by 9% (p = 0.01). There were no significant changes with the diet supplemented with alpha-linolenic acid. The net effect on cardiovascular risk therefore is complex and the systolic blood pressure reduction was substantial, according to “n-3 fatty acids of marine origin lower systolic blood pressure and triglycerides but raise LDL cholesterol compared with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids from plants” by Kestin M, Clifton P, Belling GB, Nestel PJ.(49)

b. Cardiovascular effects
In the comparison of the effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n-3) to those of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy elderly subjects, found that Both n-3 fatty acid diets did not change concentrations of total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol and apoA-1 when compared with the oleic acid-rich diet. However, after the EPA/DHA-rich diet, LDL-cholesterol increased by 0.39 mmol/l (P = 0.0323, 95% CI (0.030, 0.780 mmol/l)) when compared with the ALA-rich diet. Intake of EPA/DHA also increased apoB concentrations by 14 mg/dl (P = 0.0031, 95% CI (4, 23 mg/dl)) and 12 mg/dl (P = 0.005, 95% CI (3, 21 mg/dl)) versus the oleic acid and ALA-rich diet, respectively. Except for an EPA/DHA-induced increase in tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) of 14.6% (P = 0.0184 versus ALA diet, 95% CI (1.5, 18.3%)), changes in markers of hemostasis and endothelial integrity did not reach statistical significance following consumption of the two n-3 fatty acid diets, according to “Effects of alpha-linolenic acid versus those of EPA/DHA on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy elderly subjects” by Goyens PL, Mensink RP.(50)

c.  Health effects
In the investigation of the health effects of Perilla frutescens seeds, a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), showed that in comparing to other plant oils, perilla seed oil consistently contains the one of the highest proportion of omega-3 (ALA) fatty acids, at 54-64%. The omega-6 (linoleic acid) component is usually around 14% and omega-9 (Oleic acid) is also present in perilla oil. These polyunsaturated fatty acids are most beneficial to human health and in prevention of different diseases like cardiovascular disorders, cancer, inflammatory, rheumatoid arthritis etc., according to “Health effects of omega-3,6,9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils” by Asif M.(51)

d. Obesity
in the determination of whether obesity modifies the association between plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants, found that the modifying effect of obesity on the association of plasma PUFAs with IL-6 and sICAM-1 suggests differences in fatty acid metabolism and may also have implications in dietary fatty acid intake for obese individuals, particularly for linoleic and EPAs. Further study is warranted to confirm and explain the strong associations of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) with inflammatory and endothelial activation markers, according to “Obesity modifies the association between plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids and markers of inflammation: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis” by Steffen BT, Steffen LM, Tracy R, Siscovick D, Hanson NQ, Nettleton J, Tsai MY.(52)

2. Catechin is phytochemical of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in white tea, green tea, black tea, grapes, wine, apple juice, cocoa, lentils, etc.
a.  Body-weight regulation
Green tea has been proposed as a tool for obesity management as strategies for weight loss and weight maintenance, as researchers found that a green tea-caffeine mixture improves weight maintenance, through thermogenesis, fat oxidation, and sparing fat free mass. The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the regulation of lipolysis, and the sympathetic innervation of white adipose tissue may play an important role in the regulation of total body fat in general, according to “Green tea catechins, caffeine and body-weight regulation” by Westerterp-Plantenga MS.(53)

b. Cholesterol
In a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating the relationship between GTCs and serum lipid levels, including total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides, found that the consumption of GTCs is associated with a statistically significant reduction in total and LDL cholesterol levels; however, there was no significant effect on HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels, according to ” Green tea catechins decrease total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a systematic review and meta-analysis” by Kim A, Chiu A, Barone MK, Avino D, Wang F, Coleman CI, Phung OJ.(54)

c. Antioxidant activity
In the research on polyphenolic compounds (included catechins) in the berries of edible honeysuckle and their biological effects, including recommended utilization, are reviewed found that These berries seem to be prospective sources of health-supporting phytochemicals that exhibit beneficial anti-adherence and chemo-protective activities, thus they may provide protection against a number of chronic conditions, e.g., cancer, diabetes mellitus, tumour growth or cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, according to “Phenolic profile of edible honeysuckle berries (genus lonicera) and their biological effects” by Jurikova T, Rop O, Mlcek J, Sochor J, Balla S, Szekeres L, Hegedusova A, Hubalek J, Adam V, Kizek R.(55)

d. Cholesterol and glucose levels
In the examination of the effect of the main green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), taken in a green tea extract, Polyphenon E (PPE) and their effect on circulating hormone levels, an established breast cancer risk factor, found that Glucose and insulin levels decreased nonsignificantly in the PPE groups but increased in the placebo group; statistically significant differences in changes in glucose (P=0.008) and insulin (P=0.01) were found. In summary, green tea (400 and 800 mg EGCG as PPE; ~5-10 cups) supplementation for 2 months had suggestive beneficial effects on LDL cholesterol concentrations and glucose-related markers, according to “Effect of 2-month controlled green tea intervention on lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, and hormonal levels in healthy postmenopausal women” by Wu AH, Spicer D, Stanczyk FZ, Tseng C, Yang CS, Pike MC.(56)

3. Theaflavin with reddish in color, is a phytochemical of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), formed in tea leaves during fermentation.
a. Cholesterol
In the investigation of 240 men and women 18 years or older on a low-fat diet with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia were randomly assigned to receive a daily capsule containing theaflavin-enriched green tea extract (375 mg) or placebo for 12 weeks, found that after 12 weeks, the mean ± SEM changes from baseline in total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglyceride levels were -11.3% ± 0.9% (P = .01), -16.4% ± 1.1% (P = .01), 2.3% ± 2.1% (P = .27), and 2.6% ± 3.5% (P = .47), respectively, in the tea extract group. The mean levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides did not change significantly in the placebo group. No significant adverse events were observed, according to “Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of a Theaflavin-Enriched Green Tea Extract” by David J. Maron, MD; Guo Ping Lu, MD; Nai Sheng Cai, MD; Zong Gui Wu, MD; Yue Hua Li, MD; Hui Chen, MD; Jian Qiu Zhu, MD; Xue Juan Jin, MS; Bert C. Wouters, MA; Jian Zhao, PhD.(57)

b. Antioxidant effects
In the investigation of four main TF derivatives (theaflavin (TF(1)), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF(2)A), theaflavin-3′-gallate (TF(2)B), and theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TF(3))) in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro, their properties of inhibiting superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical, and their effects on hydroxyl radical-induced DNA oxidative damage, found that compared with (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), TF derivatives were good antioxidants for scavenging ROS and preventing the hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage in vitro. TF(3) was the most positive in scavenging hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical, and TF(1) suppressed superoxide. Positive antioxidant capacities of TF(2)B on singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and the hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage in vitro were found, according to “Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of four main theaflavin derivatives through chemiluminescence and DNA damage analyses” by Wu YY, Li W, Xu Y, Jin EH, Tu YY.(58)

c. Cardio-protective activities
In the analyzing the protective effect of theaflavin (TF1) and its underlying mechanism,
found that (1) compared with the control group, TF1 (10, 20, 40 μmol/l) displayed a better recovery of cardiac function after ischemia/reperfusion in a concentration-dependent manner. At 60 min of reperfusion, LVDP, ± LVdP/dt (max) and CF in the TF1 group were much higher than those in the control group, whereas left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in the TF1 group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.01). (2) Pretreatment with glibenclamide (10 μmol/l), a K(ATP) antagonist, completely abolished the cardioprotective effects of TF1 (20 μmol/l). Also, most of the effects of TF1 (20 μmol/l) on cardiac function after 60 min of reperfusion were reversed by 5-HD (100 μmol/l), a selective mitochondria K(ATP) antagonist. (3) Atractyloside (20 μmol/l), a mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opener, administered at the beginning of 15 min of reperfusion completely abolished the cardioprotection of TF1 (20 μmol/l), according to “ATP-dependent potassium channels and mitochondrial permeability transition pores play roles in the cardioprotection of theaflavin in young rat” by Ma H, Huang X, Li Q, Guan Y, Yuan F, Zhang Y.(59)

4. Resveratrol is a type of natural phenol in the group of Stilbenoids, produced naturally by many plants when under attack by bacteria or fungi. It has been studied by many researchers for it health benefits in treating chronic diaereses, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease, etc.
a. In a study of “Resveratrol: a promising agent in promoting cardioprotection against coronary heart disease.” by Penumathsa SV, Maulik N. (Source from Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1110, USA.), posted in PubMed, researchers indicated in abstract that many studies have provided evidence that resveratrol possesses antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects apart from activation of longevity proteins (such as SIRT-1). We have recently reported the angiogenic, antihypercholesterolemic, and antihypercholesterolemic, antihypercholesterolemic, antidiabetic effects of resveratrol and the mechanisms involved in reduced ventricular remodeling and increased cardiac functions. We have also shown different strategic target molecules involved in resveratrol-mediated.
cardioprotection.
b. Lipid metabolism
in a study of ” [Effects of resveratrol on lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice].”[Article in Chinese]

by Ren Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Yu F, Zhan Z, Yuan Y, Yang J. (Source from Department of Nutrition and Food hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China. [email protected]) researchers found that The serum TC, LDL-C, HDL-C levels of high-fat diet and resveratrol groups were higher than those of control group (P < 0.05), and the serum TC and LDL-C levels of high-fat diet were also higher than those of resveratrol group (P < 0. 05). But the serum TG levels of high-fat diet and resveratrol groups were lower than those of control group (P < 0.05). The TC content of liver in high-fat diet group were higher than those of control and resveratrol groups (P < 0.05), and concluded that The TC content in C57BL/6J mice can be decreased by resveratrol (22.5 mg/kg BW).
c. Diabetes and Obesity
According to the study of ” Resveratrol, obesity and diabetes.” by Szkudelska K, Szkudelski T. (Source from Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland. [email protected]) posted in PubMed, researchers found that The accumulating evidence also indicates the benefits of resveratrol in diabetes and diabetic complications. It is known that resveratrol affects insulin secretion and blood insulin concentration. In animals with hyperinsulinemia, resveratrol was found to reduce blood insulin. Moreover, numerous data indicate that in diabetic rats, resveratrol is able to reduce hyperglycemia. The mechanism of resveratrol‘s action is complex and is demonstrated to involve both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent effects. These data point to the potential possibility of use of resveratrol in preventing and/or treating both obesity and diabetes.
5. Garlic has been used in traditional Chinese and herbal medicine over thousands of year as antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal agent and in treating other conditions such as parasites, respiratory problems, poor digestion, low energy, etc. In many studies, researchers found that Allyl sulfides, a phytochemical in garlic has been demonstrated effectively in treating certain diseases.
a. Antioxidant against oxidation
According to the study of ” Antioxidant Health Effects of Aged Garlic Extract” by Carmia Borek, posted in (Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131:1010S-1015S.)© 2001 The American Society for Nutritional Sciences, researcher found that AGE contains a wide range of antioxidants that can act in synergistic or additive fashion and protect cells against oxidative damage, thus helping to lower the risk of heart disease, stroke, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease and protect against toxic, tissue-damaging effects of ROS-producing radiation, including UV light, drugs used in therapy and chemicals in the environment and industry.

b. Cholesterol, heart disease and stroke
In an article of “GARLICTHE BOUNTIFUL BULB” by Carmia Borek, Ph.D. posted in Life extension magazine, the author indicated that in the past 15 years, garlic supplementation studies have concentrated on the bulb’s effects in reducing blood cholesterol and triglycerides (the form in which fat is transported in the blood). All studies did not agree with one another, given differences in the kind of garlic preparation, quality of standardization, doses and periods of treatment. But most findings showed that garlic slightly lowered blood cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides with a consistent lowering of blood lipids seen in studies that used aged garlic extract as the supplement. For example, while a University of Oxford study showed that garlic powder, given to patients at 900 mg a day for six months, had no protective effects and did not lower cholesterol levels, a study at East Carolina University found that aged garlic extract given at 2.4-4.8 gm a day, for six months, lowered cholesterol by 5-7%, and reduced LDL, triglycerides and blood pressure in men with high cholesterol.

c. Blood circulation
In an article of “Onions, Garlic, and Scallions… Oh My!” By Dr. Leo Galland, M.D., and Jonathan Galland”, posted in the Chritian Broacasting Network, the authors wrote that scientists believe the components in onions, garlic, and scallions called allyl sulfides and bioflavonoids are key to their powerful health benefits. For cardiovascular health, clinical experiments have shown regular consumption of garlic may help improve circulation and help decrease calcium deposits and the size of arterial plaque in coronary arteries. As for detoxification, one study found that eating fresh garlic and onions each day can help remove toxins from the body.

d. High blood pressure
According to the study of “Effect of garlic on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” by Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP, Fakler P, Sullivan T. posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, researchers found that Eleven of 25 studies included in the systematic review were suitable for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of all studies showed a mean decrease of 4.6 +/- 2.8 mm Hg for SBP in the garlic group compared to placebo (n = 10; p = 0.001), while the mean decrease in the hypertensive subgroup was 8.4 +/- 2.8 mm Hg for SBP (n = 4; p < 0.001), and 7.3 +/- 1.5 mm Hg for DBP (n = 3; p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed a significant association between blood pressure at the start of the intervention and the level of blood pressure reduction (SBP: R = 0.057; p = 0.03; DBP: R = -0.315; p = 0.02), and concluded that Our meta-analysis suggests that garlic preparations are superior to placebo in reducing blood pressure in individuals with hypertension.

f. Arteriosclerosis
In a study of “Effect of garlic feeding on regression of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits.” by Bordia A, Verma SK. posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health., researchers found that there was an increase in HDL levels in the garlic fed groups. Cholesterol feeding resulted in 80.9% atheromatous involvement of aortic surface in Group I. This remained almost the same (71.1%) after 9 months of stock feeding (Group II) while in the garlic fed group only 30.4% of the aortic surface had lesions. Correspondingly, the aortic lipid content of garlic fed animals was reduced by 72%, while in the control group there was no significant reduction. The data suggests that cholesterol is depleted from experimentally induces atherosclerosis by garlic administration.

6. Etc.
 

E. Treatments
E.1. In conventional medicine perspective
1. Medical treatments
1. 1. Nitroglycerin
a. Nitroglycerin is used to treat ischemic cardiac pain. and improve blood flow to the heart. Transdermal nitrate delivery systems improve the quality of life in ambulant patients: anginal attacks are reduced with a minimum of side effects. The widespread acceptance of this novel form of drug delivery has stimulated its application in other therapeutic avenues. The efficacy of transdermal nitroglycerin in the suppression of silent ischemic attacks has been demonstrated(60)
b. Side effects are not limit to
b.1. Dizziness
b.2. Lightheadedness, or fainting when sitting up or standing
b.3. Flushing of face and neck
b.4. Headache
b.5. Irritation
b.6. Nausea
b.7. Vomiting
b.8. Etc.

1.2. Beta-blockers
a. Beta blocker has been used to lower heart rate, blood pressure, and enhance oxygen to the heart. In the study of The 248 cases presented with new coronary heart disease from 1982 through 1984, and the 737 controls were a probability sample of health maintenance organization patients free of coronary heart disease. A withdrawal syndrome immediately following the cessation of beta-blocker use may be an acute precipitant of angina and myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients who have no prior history of coronary heart disease(61).
b. Side effects are not limit to
b.1. the medicine can cause allergic reaction to certain people, such as: rash, itching, swelling, dizziness, trouble breathing.
b.2. Easy bruising or bleeding,
b.3. Swollen hands or feet,
b.4. Confusion,
b.5. Depression
b.6. Etc.

1.3. Calcium channel blockers
a. The medicine used to relax arteries, lower blood pressure, and reduce strain on the heart. Researchers suggested that Compared with clopidogrel without calcium-channel blockers (CCBs), clopidogrel with CCB does not increase the mortality or composite thromboembolic events in elderly CAD patients, but clopidogrel combined with nondihydropyridine CCB is associated with significantly increased composite thromboembolic events in comparison with dihydropyridine CCB(62).
b. Side effects are not limit to
b.1. Stomach pain
b.2. Constipation
b.3. Drowsiness
b.4. Fatigue Feelings of a rapidly or forcefully beating heart (palpitations)
b.5. Flushing or hot flashes
b.6. Headaches
b.7. Nausea
b.8. Etc.

1.4. Statins
a. The medicine used to lower cholesterol. Dr. Biasucci LM,  and the scientists at the Sacro Cuore University, in the study ofStatins and coronary artery disease:clinical evidence and future perspective said
“The introduction of more powerful statins in the market offered the opportunity to study whether an intensive lipid lowering treatment could yields even better cardiovascular outcomes than a moderate statin therapy and several clinical trial confirmed this hypothesis. Statins have also pleiotropic effect behind their lipid lowering function: they reduce inflammation, which plays an important role in the atherosclerotic process”(63).
b. Side effects are limit to
b.1. Headache   
b.2. Nausea   
b.3. Vomiting    
b.4. Constipation    
b.5. Diarrhea
b.6. Weakness  
b.7. Muscle pain
b.8. Etc.

1.5. Aspirin
a. Many researchers believe that daily intake aspirin can reduce the risk of blood clots from forming in your arteries. In the study to determine the cardiovascular and coronary risk thresholds at which aspirin for primary prevention of coronary heart disease is safe and worthwhile, Dr. Sanmuganathan PS and the research team at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital, indicated that Aspirin treatment for primary prevention is safe and worthwhile at coronary event risk >/= 1.5%/year; safe but of limited value at coronary risk 1%/year; and unsafe at coronary event risk 0.5%/year. Advice on aspirin for primary prevention requires formal accurate estimation of absolute coronary event risk(64).
b. Side effects are not limit to
b.1. Stomach pains
b.2. Feelings of nausea 
b.3. Vomiting.
b.4. Allergic reaction to some people
b.5. Aspirin may interact with other medicine, such as blood thinning medicine
b.6. Etc.

2. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI )
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI ) is one therapeutic treatment used to treat the narrowed coronary arteries of the heart found in coronary heart disease and Ischemic heart disease.

In study of a total of 282 patients (74.1% females) with mean age of 57.0±3.2 years were studied. Most of the patients (89.7%) underwent elective PCI. Angiographic and procedure success rates were 95.7% and 94.6%, respectively. In-hospital MACE included two cases of death (0.7%) and one MI (0.3%); 2/29 (6.9%) of the emergent PCI and 1/253 (0.4%) of the elective PCI cases. MACE during follow-up included three cases of death (1.0%) and two MI (0.7%); 2/252 (0.8%) of the elective PCI and 1/28 (3.5%) of the emergent PCI cases. The overall MACE was calculated as 8 cases (2.8%) which included 5/29 (17.2%) of the emergent and 3/253 (1.1%) of the elective cases; P<0.001, concluded that PCI is performed with an acceptable success rate in our center in Isfahan and mortality and complications are within the range reported by other highly specialized centers in IRAN. Further studies with larger sample size are needed to find predictive factors(65).

3. Coronary revascularisation
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a surgical procedure performed to reduce the risk of death from coronary artery disease by bypass atherosclerotic narrowings as arteries or veins from elsewhere in the patient’s body are grafted to the coronary arteries  to improve the blood supply to the heart muscle.  some researchers suggested that transthoracic echocardiography(TEE)  prior to coronary artery bypass surgery can provides higher resolution images than transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Therefore one can conclude that TEE is the imaging modality of choice for detecting aortic atheromatous plaques but in patients with low risk for stroke and aortic atheromas, a detailed TTE may be sufficient for the pre-operative assessment(66).

E.2. Treatments in herbal medicine
1. Soybean is the genus Glycine, belonging to the family Fabaceae, one of the legumes that contains twice as much protein per acre as any other major vegetable or grain crop, native to Southeast Asia. Now, it is grown worldwide with suitable climate for commercial profit and a a healthy foods. The herb has been used in traditional medicine for the proper functioning of the bowels, heart, kidney, liver, stomach. etc.
a.  Insulin sensitive
Soybean helps to normalize plasma glucose and insulin homeostasis, according to “Increased insulin sensitivity and changes in the expression profile of key insulin regulatory genes and beta cell transcription factors in diabetic KKAy-mice after feeding with a soy bean protein rich diet high in isoflavone content” by Nordentoft I, Jeppesen PB, Hong J, Abudula R, Hermansen K.(67)

b. Cardiovascular diseases
Soy protein reduces reduces the levels of serum lipoprotein, decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triacylglycerol/HDL-C and TC/HDL-Cpostmenopausal women are at risk of cardiovascular disease, according to “Effects of soy bean on serum paraoxonase 1 activity and lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women” by Shidfar F, Ehramphosh E, Heydari I, Haghighi L, Hosseini S, Shidfar S.(68)

c. Adipogenesis and Adipolysis
Germinated soy bean protein hydrolysates had an effect on inhibition of lipid storage in adypocites and increasing lipolysis, according to “Effect of Germinated Soybean Protein Hydrolysates on Adipogenesis and Adipolysis in 3T3-L1 Cells” by González-Espinosa de Los Monteros LA, Ramón-Gallegos E, Torres-Torres N, Mora-Escobedo R.(69)

d. Antioxidant effects
Extract from Virginia-grown soybean seeds had exerted its antioxidant effect when compared for their total phenolic contents (TPC), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH(*)) scavenging activities, according to “Comparison of different strategies for soybean antioxidant extraction” by Chung H, Ji X, Canning C, Sun S, Zhou K.(70)

e. Diabetes and hypertension
Soybean phenolic-rich extracts has exerted the inhibitory activities of phenolic-rich extracts from soybean on α-amylase, α-glucosidase and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) activities in vitro, according to “Soybean phenolic-rich extracts inhibit key-enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and hypertension (angiotensin I converting enzyme) in vitro” by Ademiluyi AO, Oboh G.(71)

2. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, belonging to family Amaryllidaceae, native to central Asia. It has been used popularly in traditional and Chinese medicine in treating common cold and flu to the Plague, blood pressure cholesterol levels, natural antibiotic, etc.
a. Cholesterol

Eating 4 cloves of garlic a day can cut total CHOLESTEROL by 70%(Fresh or Supplement). The member of the allium family fights poor circulation.The sulfur compound in garlic keep your platelets from clumping together. It helps UNCLOG your Arteries but check with your Doctor if you are taking Blood thinning medications. Cook with both Garlic and onion to fight high blood pressure effectively. Try to take them everyday if you have high blood pressure and Cholesterol.
b. Blood pressure
In the assessment of garlic extract and its effect of hypertension. found that Aged garlic extract was generally well tolerated and acceptability of trial treatment was high (92%) and aged garlic extract is superior to placebo in lowering systolic blood pressure similarly to current first line medications in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension, according to “Aged garlic extract lowers blood pressure in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension: a randomised controlled trial” by Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP.(72)

7. Atherosclerosis
In the demonstration of aged garlic extract therapy with supplements (AGE+S) and theirs effect on cardiovascular diseases found that CAC progression was significantly lower and TR significantly higher in the AGE+S compared to the placebo group after adjustment of cardiovascular risk factors (p<0.05). Total cholesterol, LDL-C, homocysteine, IgG and IgM autoantibodies to MDA-LDL and apoB-immune complexes were decreased, whereas HDL, OxPL/apoB, and Lp (a) were significantly increased in AGE+S to placebo and concluded that AGE+S is associated with a favorable improvement in oxidative biomarkers, vascular function, and reduced progression of atherosclerosis., according to “Aged garlic extract supplemented with B vitamins, folic acid and L-arginine retards the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomized clinical trial” by Budoff MJ, Ahmadi N, Gul KM, Liu ST, Flores FR, Tiano J, Takasu J, Miller E, Tsimikas S.(73)

3. Alfalfa
a.  Antioxidant
In a study of measurements of pH, water holding capacity, color, oxymyoglobin content, TBARS and oxidation-reduction potential in evaluating the effects of a dietary protein-xanthophylls (PX) concentrate of alfalfa to turkey diets conducted by University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, (74), researchers found that TBARS and oxidation-reduction potential values suggested that the inclusion of the concentrate to turkey diets acts as an antioxidant in the raw meat.

2. Cholesterol
In a study to test the effect of Alfalfa used in traditional medicine to treat high blood cholesterol conducted by Malinow MR, McLaughlin P, Stafford C.(75), in 3 human volunteers during ingestion of diets containing alfalfa seeds (AS) for 3 weeks, researchers found that Plasma cholesterol concentrations were reduced and No signs of toxicity were detected through serum determinations of multiple parameters. The ingestion of AS in rats decreased the concentration of plasma cholesterol, reduced intestinal absorption of exogenous and endogenous cholesterol, and increased fecal biliary excretion.

3. Hyperlipoproteinemia
In a study of Fifteen patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP), types IIA (n = 8), IIB (n = 3) and IV (n = 4) were given 40 g of heat prepared alfalfa seeds 3 times daily at mealtimes for 8 weeks with otherwise unchanged diet, conducted by Mölgaard J, von Schenck H, Olsson AG.(3), found that patients with type II HLP alfalfa treatment caused after 8 weeks a maximal lowering of pretreatment median values of total plasma cholesterol from 9.58 to 8.00 mmol/l (P less than 0.001) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol from 7.69 to 6.33 mmol/l (P less than 0.01), which corresponds to decreases of 17% and 18%, respectively. Maximal decrease was 26% in total cholesterol and 30% in LDL cholesterol. In two patients with hypercholesterolemia the LDL cholesterol decreased less than 5%. Apolipoprotein B decreased in the same period from 2.17 to 1.43 g/l (P less than 0.05) in type II HLP, corresponding to 34% decrease, whereas apolipoprotein A-I did not change. Body weight increased slightly during the first 4 weeks of alfalfa treatment (P less than 0.001) probably because of the caloric content in the alfalfa seeds. After cessation of treatment, all lipoprotein concentrations returned to pretreatment levels. We conclude that alfalfa seeds can be added to the diet to help normalize serum cholesterol concentrations in patients with type II HLP.

4. Ginkgo biloba
a. Hypertension
Ginkgo enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation and elevation of the endothelial intracellular Ca(2+) level in SHR, resulting in hypotension, according to the study of “Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on blood pressure and vascular endothelial response by acetylcholine in spontaneously hypertensive rats” by Kubota Y, Tanaka N, Kagota S, Nakamura K, Kunitomo M, Umegaki K, Shinozuka K.(76)

b. Cardiovascular tissues
Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) has shown the protection of the cardiovascular tissues against HgCl(2)-induced oxidative damage, according to the study of “Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract against mercury(II)-induced cardiovascular oxidative damage in rats” by Tunali-Akbay T, Sener G, Salvarli H, Sehirli O, Yarat A.(77)

c. Hyperlipidemia
Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGB) has demonstrated the activities of limitation of the absorption of cholesterol, inactivation of HMGCoA and favorable regulation of profiles of essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (EFA), according to the study of “Application of GC/MS-based metabonomic profiling in studying the lipid-regulating effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats” by Zhang Q, Wang GJ, A JY, Wu D, Zhu LL, Ma B,(78)

5. Grape seed extract
Grape Seed Extract is the commercial extracts from whole grape seeds that contains many concentrations, including vitamin E, flavonoids, linoleic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins(OPCs), etc..The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents and to treat skin wounds with less scarring, allergies, macular degeneration, arthritis, enhance circulation of blood vessels, lower cholesterol, etc.
a. Antioxidant Activity
in the assessment of phenolic content, antioxidant activity of White and red wines spiked with green tea extract and grape seed extract found that the green tea extract and grape seed extract increased antioxidant activity dose-dependently and the CRTs varied considerably between the Korean and Australian groups, with Koreans preferring wines spiked with green tea extract and Australians showing a preference for wines spiked with grape seed extract, according to “Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity and Cross-Cultural Consumer Rejection Threshold in White and Red Wines Functionally Enhanced with Catechin-Rich” by Yoo YJ, Saliba A, Prenzler PD, Ryan DM.(79)

b. Atherosclerosis
in the association of consumption of red wine and other polyphenolic compounds and prevention of cardiovascular diseases found that aortic atherosclerosis evaluated as the cholesterol content in aortic tissue was comparable in the control and GSE-dosed females, but it was significantly reduced in the abdominal part of GSE-dosed male compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding GSE extract to Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits had no significant effects in females but was associated with transient less hypercholesterolemic response to semisynthetic diet, according to “Effects of red grape skin and seed extract supplementation on atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits” by Frederiksen H, Mortensen A, Schrøder M, Frandsen H, Bysted A, Knuthsen P, Rasmussen SE.(80)

6. Hawthorn
a. Hypotensive effects
In the investigation of Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata) leaves, flowers and berries used by herbal practitioners in the UK to treat hypertension in conjunction with prescribed drugs indicated that this is the first randomised controlled trial to demonstrate a hypotensive effect of hawthorn in patients with diabetes takin, according to “Hypotensive effects of hawthorn for patients with diabetes taking prescription drugs: a randomised controlled trial” by Walker AF, Marakis G, Simpson E, Hope JL, Robinson PA, Hassanein M, Simpson HC(81)

b. Cardiac effects
In the evaluation of the potential cardiac effects of two alcohol extracts of commercially available hawthorn found that the mechanism of cardiac activity of hawthorn is via the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and intracellular calcium concentrations are influenced, according to “A comparison of the effects of commercially available hawthorn preparations on calcium transients of isolated cardiomyocytes” by Rodriguez ME, Poindexter BJ, Bick RJ, Dasgupta A.(82)

c. Cardiovascular disease
In the analyzing the effect of hawthorn in prevention and protection of cardiovascular disease indicated that these beneficial effects may in part be due to the presence of antioxidant flavonoid components. While a number of studies have been performed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of hawthorn, an international, multicenter, prospective clinical study including a large number of New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II/III heart failure patients is ongoing to test hawthorn‘s long-term therapeutic effects, according to “Hawthorn: potential roles in cardiovascular disease“by Chang WT, Dao J, Shao ZH.(83)

d. Chronic heart failure
In the assessment of Hawthorn extract usedas an oral treatment option for chronic heart failure, found that Ten trials including 855 patients with chronic heart failure (New York Heart Association classes I to III) provided data that were suitable for meta-analysis. For the physiologic outcome of maximal workload, treatment with hawthorn extract was more beneficial than placebo (WMD (Watt) 5.35, 95% CI 0.71 to 10.00, P < 0.02, n = 380). Exercise tolerance were significantly increased by hawthorn extract (WMD (Watt x min) 122.76, 95% CI 32.74 to 212.78, n = 98). The pressure-heart rate product, an index of cardiac oxygen consumption, also showed a beneficial decrease with hawthorn treatment (WMD (mmHg/min) -19.22, 95% CI -30.46 to -7.98, n = 264). Symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue improved significantly with hawthorn treatment as compared with placebo (WMD -5.47, 95% CI -8.68 to -2.26, n = 239), according to “Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure” by Pittler MH, Guo R, Ernst E.(84)

e. Hyperlipemia
in the determination of The Yishoujiangzhi (de-blood-lipid) tablets (composed of Radix Polygori Multiflori, Rhizoma Polygonati, Fructus Lycii, Crataegus Pinnatifida and Cassia Tora) and its effect on Hyperlipemia found that in the treatment of 130 cases of hyperlipemia, achieving an effective rate of 87.0% in lowering serum cholesterol and 80.8% in lowering triglyceride, according to ‘Yishou jiangzhi (de-blood-lipid) tablets in the treatment of hyperlipemia” by Guan Y, Zhao S.(85) 

7. Etc.

E.3. In traditional Chinese medicine perspective
According to the A  Practical English-Chinese Library of Traditional Chinese Medicine by Dr. Enqin Zhang(Engin CAN),[graduated from Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in 1982 with post-graduate dip., Master of Medicine and later also got his MD  and Professorship in Alternative Medicine /TCM from 4 international and Chinese universities and institutes. He was the chief editor& author of  book “Research in Classical Formulae of TCM”, published by Yellow River Press in 1987 as well as TCM series ‘A Practical English-Chinese Library of TCM](117)  Precordial pain as a result of obstruction in the heart vessels is the most prominent feature of coronary heart disease or  Ischemic heart disease due to obstructs the yang qi, and /or by blood stasis, caused by either qi deficiency or due to qi stagnation of that lead to phlegm accumulation in the chest . Dr. Enqin Zhang differentiated coronary heart disease as follow(118)
1. Obstruction of yang qi in the chest due to accumulation of phlegm
a. Primary manifestations: A feeling of oppression over the chest or chest pain radiating to the back, accompanied by shortness of breath, white, thick, greasy coating of the tongue and smooth pulse. (This condition is of the cold phlegm type; when the tongue coating turns yellow and greasy, it becomes a phlegm-heat type.)
b. Principle of treatment: Relieve the obstruction of the yang qi in the chest.
c. Formula treatment Formula for choice: Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive, and White Liquor Decoction; in this prescription, trichosanthes fruit eliminates phlegm and reverse the adverse ascending of the qi; Chinese chive warms and activates the yang qi in the chest and relieves pain; and white liquor acts as a guide drug.

2. Blood stasis caused by qi deficiency
a. Primary manifestations: Fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations accompanied by localized pain, dark purplish tongue with thin coating and uneven pulse. (In cases with cold extremities, intolerance of cold, pale and tender tongue and slow pulse, the blood stasis is due to yang deficiency; in cases with profuse sweating, deadly cold limbs, listlessness and fading pulse or even coma, the yang is exhausted and shock ensues. Some patients experience yin and qi deficiencies together, manifested by a hot sensation in the palms and soles, dry mouth, desire for cold drinks, reddened tongue with little or no coating and thin, rapid pulse.)
b. Principle of treatment: Invigorate the qi and promote blood circulation.
c. Formula treatment Principle of treatment: Invigorate the qi and promote blood circulation. Formula of choice: Yang-Invigorating and Recuperation Decoction; in this recipe, astragalus root (huang qi) invigorates the qi to promote blood circulation and strengthens the effect of the other ingredients in removing blood stasis. Other ingredients are tangkuei (dang gui), red peony root (chi shao), earth worm (di long), ligusticum root (chuan xiong), peach kernel (tao ren), carthamus flower (hong hua). In cases with yang deficiency, add cuscuta seed (tu si zi), prepared lateral root of aconite (fu zi), and psoralea seed (bu gu zhi) to warm and replenish the yang qi. If there is collapse, use Ginseng and Aconite Decoction combining with Aconite Decoction (including prepared lateral root of aconite, poria,  ginseng, ovate atractylodes rhizome, white peony root); in these prescriptions, prepared lateral root of aconite and ginseng recuperate the depleted yang and replenish the qi. In cases of qi and yin deficiencies, add scrophularia root (xuan shen), ophiopogon root (mai dong), schisandra berry (wu wei zi), and fresh rehmannia root (sheng di ) to the above prescriptions.

3. Blood stasis caused by qi stagnation
a. Primary manifestations: A fullness sensation or pain in the chest, dark purplish tongue with thin coating, but no symptoms of qi deficiency, such as shortness of breath and fatigue.
b. Principle of treatment: Activate qi and remove blood stasis.
c. Formula of choice: Blood House Stasis-Expelling Decoction; in this recipe, bitter orange (zhi ke) and bupleurum root (chai hu) activate the stagnated qi; platycodon root (jie geng) acts as a guide drug; and the other ingredients promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis, including tangkuei (dang gui), fresh rehmannia root (sheng di huang), peach kernel (tao ren), carthamus flower (hong hua), red peony root (chi shao), licorice root (gan cao), ligusticum root (chuan xiong), achyranthes root (niu xi).

 

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Source: http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/2013/10/thyroid-disease-euthyroid-sick-syndrome_20.html


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