More than Meets the Eye: Stem Cells Generated using Different Methods Produce Different Types of Cells

Scanning electron micrograph of cultured human neuron from induced pluripotent stem cell.

What’s the best way to make a fully versatile, ‘pluripotent,’ stem cell? Three different methods each have their pluses and minuses. But now new research has found that the stem cells created by each method, while similar on the surface, show vast differences.

The findings, published online today in the journal Nature, reveal new insights into stem cells’ underlying cellular machinery—which is of utmost importance as researchers transform their discoveries from the lab and into much-needed therapies for patients.

Stem cells have held promise for regenerating tissues, or even organs, lost or damaged by injury or disease. This is due to stem cells’ ‘pluripotency’—their ability to transform into virtually any cell in the body. Initially, scientists used stem cells extracted from unused embryos that consenting couples had donated to research. But the use of these so-called embryonic stem cells, or ES cells, has since been limited due to ethical considerations and early limits to federal funding.

So scientists have been on the hunt for an alternative method of creating pluripotent cells. And so far, they have come up with two.

One, called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) takes the genetic material of an adult cell and transplants it into an unfertilized egg. The second method transforms adult cells, such as skin or blood, back into embryonic-like stem cells—called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells—by manipulating various genes.

Each of the newer methods has its pluses and minuses—but which produces cells that most closely resemble ES cells, still considered the “Gold Standard” in stem cell biology? Since the success of the SCNT technique is so recent, no one had taken a close look until now. So a collaboration of researchers from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences and Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), compared the two methods side by side. And what they found was surprising.

Dr. Louise Laurent, co-senior author from UCSD, explained in today’s news release:

“The nuclear transfer ES cells are much more similar to real ES cells than the iPS cells. They are more completely reprogrammed and have fewer alterations in gene expression and DNA methylation levels that are attributable to the reprogramming process itself.”

iPS cell technology, which was pioneered in 2006 by Shinya Yamanaka, offers a series of advantages over traditional ES cells. As Laurent continued:

“The ability to make personalized iPS cells from a patient that could be transplanted back into that patient has generated excitement because it would eliminate the need for immunosuppression.”

iPS cells have generated so much excitement, in fact, that Yamanaka was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for developing this technique.

The SCNT method was developed more recently by OHSU’s Dr. Shoukhrat Mitalipov. The current researchers generated lines of cells using both methods. After confirming that each line was, in fact, pluripotent, they used advanced genomics techniques to examine the biochemical process called ‘DNA methylation’ in each line.

DNA methylation is a fundamental chemical process within each cell. It’s responsible for switching key genes on and off at precise intervals. In recent years, researchers have discovered that the order and timing of this process is vital for the correct development of the cell. As Dr. Joseph Ecker, co-senior author from the Salk Institute, explained:

“If you believe that gene expression and DNA methylation are important, which we do, the closer you get to the patterns of embryonic cells, the better. Right now, nuclear transfer cells look closer to the embryonic stem cells than do the iPS cells.”

However, while the scientists confirmed that SCNT cells more closely resemble ES cells, the process of producing them is far from ideal. First, the SCNT method is technically difficult. And second, federal funds still cannot be used in this procedure—representing a significant hurdle to being widely adopted.

On the other hand, iPS cell generation is, by comparison, a much easier process technically. So perhaps these findings can spur the development of an improved method, taking the technological ease of iPS cell generation and marrying it with the accuracy of the SCNT method. Laurent argues that this could yield a new and improved approach:

“Our results have shown that widely used iPS cell reprogramming methods make cells that are similar to standard ES cells in broad strokes, but there are important differences when you look really closely. By using the egg cell to do the job, we can get much closer to the real thing. If we can figure out what factors in the egg drive the reprogramming process, maybe we can design a better iPS cell reprogramming method.”

Anne Holden

[Image Credit: Mark Ellisman and Thomas Deerinck, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, UC San Diego]