What Happens When Satellites Fall? Learn Morse Code! Become a Morse Code Expert.
Morse code is a method of transmitting text information as a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment.
The International Morse Code encodes the ISO basic Latin alphabet, some extra Latin letters, the Arabic numerals and a small set of punctuation and procedural signals (prosigns) as standardized sequences of short and long signals called “dots” and “dashes”, or “dits” and “dahs”, as in amateur radio practice.
Because many non-English natural languages use more than the 26 Roman letters, extensions to the Morse alphabet exist for those languages.
Each Morse code symbol represents either a text character (letter or numeral) or a prosign and is represented by a unique sequence of dots and dashes. The duration of a dash is three times the duration of a dot. Each dot or dash is followed by a short silence, equal to the dot duration. The letters of a word are separated by a space equal to three dots (one dash), and the words are separated by a space equal to seven dots. The dot duration is the basic unit of time measurement in code transmission.[1] To increase the speed of the communication, the code was designed so that the length of each character in Morse varies approximately inversely to its frequency of occurrence in English. Thus the most common letter in English, the letter “E”, has the shortest code, a single dot.
Compared to voice, Morse code is less sensitive to poor signal conditions, yet still comprehensible to humans without a decoding device. Morse is therefore a useful alternative to synthesized speech for sending automated data to skilled listeners on voice channels. Many amateur radio repeaters, for example, identify with Morse, even though they are used for voice communications.
In an emergency, Morse code can be sent by improvised methods that can be easily “keyed” on and off, making it one of the simplest and most versatile methods of telecommunication.
The most common distress signal is SOS or three dots, three dashes and three dots, internationally recognized by treaty.
SOS ! THIS COULD KICK START WW3 !
Representation
International Morse code is composed of five elements:
- short mark, dot or “dit” (·) : “dot duration” is one time unit long
- longer mark, dash or “dah” (–) : three time units long
- inter-element gap between the dots and dashes within a character : one dot duration or one unit long
- short gap (between letters) : three time units long
- medium gap (between words) : seven time units long
Transmission
Morse code can be transmitted in a number of ways: originally as electrical pulses along a telegraph wire, but also as an audio tone, a radio signal with short and long tones, or as a mechanical, audible or visual signal (e.g. a flashing light) using devices like an Aldis lamp or a heliograph, a common flashlight, or even a car horn. Some mine rescues have used pulling on a rope – a short pull for a dot and a long pull for a dash.
Letters, numbers, punctuation, prosigns for Morse code and non-English variants
Morse code MP3 practice files.
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Prosigns
Prosigns for Morse code are special (usually) unwritten procedural signals or symbols that are used to indicate changes in communications protocol status or white space text formatting actions.
You may also read : How to use hand and arm signals to communicate silently
Symbol representations
The symbols !, $ and & are not defined inside the ITU recommendation on Morse code, but conventions for them exist. The @ symbol was formally added in 2004.
Exclamation mark
There is no standard representation for the exclamation mark (!), although the KW digraph (– · – · – –) was proposed in the 1980s by the Heathkit Company (a vendor of assembly kits for amateur radio equipment).
While Morse code translation software prefers the Heathkit version, on-air use is not yet universal as some amateur radio operators in North America and the Caribbean continue to prefer the older MN digraph (– – – ·) carried over from American landline telegraphy code.
Currency symbols
- The ITU has never codified formal Morse Code representations for currencies as the ISO 4217 Currency Codes are preferred for transmission.
- The $ sign code was represented in the Phillips Code, a huge collection of abbreviations used on land line telegraphy, as SX.
Ampersand
- The representation of the & sign given above, often shown as AS, is also the Morse prosign for wait. In addition, the American landline representation of an ampersand was similar to “ES” (· · · ·) and hams have carried over this usage as a synonym for “and” (WX HR COLD ES RAINY, “the weather here is cold & rainy”).
Keyboard AT @
- On May 24, 2004 — the 160th anniversary of the first public Morse telegraph transmission — the Radiocommunication Bureau of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) formally added the @ (“commercial at” or “commat”) character to the official Morse character set, using the sequence denoted by the AC digraph (· – – · – ·).
- This sequence was reportedly chosen to represent “A[T] C[OMMERCIAL]” or a letter “a” inside a swirl represented by a “C”. The new character facilitates sending email addresses by Morse code and is notable since it is the first official addition to the Morse set of characters since World War I.
Non-Latin extensions
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Timing
Below is an illustration of timing conventions. The phrase “MORSE CODE”, in Morse code format, would normally be written something like this, where – represents dahs and ·represents dits:
−− −−− ·−· ··· · −·−· −−− −·· ·
M O R S E C O D E
Next is the exact conventional timing for this phrase, with = representing “signal on”, and . representing “signal off”, each for the time length of exactly one dit:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
M------ O---------- R------ S---- E C---------- O---------- D------ E
===.===...===.===.===...=.===.=...=.=.=...=.......===.=.===.=...===.===.===...===.=.=...=
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| dah dit | |
symbol space letter space word space
Spoken representation
Morse code is often spoken or written with “dah” for dashes, “dit” for dots located at the end of a character, and “di” for dots located at the beginning or internally within the character. Thus, the following Morse code sequence:
M O R S E C O D E
−− −−− ·−· ··· · (space) −·−· −−− −·· ·
is orally:
Dah-dah dah-dah-dah di-dah-dit di-di-dit dit, Dah-di-dah-dit dah-dah-dah dah-di-dit dit.
Note that there is little point in learning to read written Morse as above; rather, the sounds of all of the letters and symbols need to be learned, for both sending and receiving.
Learning methods
People learning Morse code using the Farnsworth method are taught to send and receive letters and other symbols at their full target speed, that is with normal relative timing of the dots, dashes and spaces within each symbol for that speed. The Farnsworth method is named for Donald R. “Russ” Farnsworth, also known by his call sign, W6TTB. However, initially exaggerated spaces between symbols and words are used, to give “thinking time” to make the sound “shape” of the letters and symbols easier to learn. The spacing can then be reduced with practice and familiarity.
Another popular teaching method is the Koch method, named after German psychologist Ludwig Koch, which uses the full target speed from the outset, but begins with just two characters. Once strings containing those two characters can be copied with 90% accuracy, an additional character is added, and so on until the full character set is mastered.
Some methods of teaching Morse code use a dichotomic search table.
In North America, many thousands of individuals have increased their code recognition speed (after initial memorization of the characters) by listening to the regularly scheduled code practice transmissions broadcast by W1AW, the American Radio Relay League’s headquarters station.
Mnemonics
A well-known Morse code rhythm from the Second World War period derives from Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony, the opening phrase of which was regularly played at the beginning of BBC broadcasts. The timing of the notes corresponds to the Morse for “V”; di-di-di-dah and stood for “V for Victory” (as well as the Roman numeral for the number five).
Decoding software
Decoding software for Morse code ranges from software-defined wide-band radio receivers coupled to the Reverse Beacon Network, which decodes signals and detects CQ messages on ham bands, to smartphone applications.
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