Adjusting Atlantis and Mu Map
Transpacific Migrations
Human history has involved globalization for thousands of years. The peopling of this planet has been called the first great historical act of our species. We all have the same original ancestors. Our first homeland was Africa. Our species has ‘globalized” the planet by migration and colonization. (Click here for more information by linking to the Mapping Globalization website)
This segment of the project focuses on the nature and effects of the migration of human beings from Asia across the Pacific Ocean. This process is still taking place. For the most part, the migrations have been from west to east, from the Asian mainland into and across the Pacific. There have also been migrations from the south to the north and vice versa. And there has been some “back” migration to Asia from the Americas. The Peopling of the Western Hemisphere: The First Americans were Migrants from Asia Click here to see: Kate Wong, “On the Trail of the First Americans [Interactive] New discoveries have focused researchers on two possible migration routes Scientific American, October 18, 2011 | 4
Since the earliest human settlements in the Americas were considered to share the same so called Clovis culture, most experts in the field before the 1990s believed not only that these Clovis settlers (or their immediate ancestors) were the first Americans, but also that they migrated across the Bering Land Bridge (Beringia) from Northeast Asia to Alaska during the last ice age and then migrated southward through an ice-free corridor into the continental interior of North America. From there they were thought to have rapidly peopled North and South America in the space of only 1,000 years or less. However, the subsequent discovery of human remains at older, so-called Pre-Clovis sites in both North and South America has called into question if not seriously undermined the “Clovis-First” and Bering Land Bridge theories. A competing theory called the “Coastal Migration Theory” contends that the first Americans migrated from Northwest Asia along the northern Pacific coastline of North America in either rafts or some kind of boats. As they migrated southward, the adherents of this theory posit they could have stopped in ice-free refuges along the way. According to this theory, these coastal migrants eventually moved inland as the glacial ice sheet melted and opened up access routes to the continental interior of North America. Although the Beringian theory still remains popular, it has serious flaws. For example, there is some evidence that suggests an ice-free corridor didn’t open up through the glacial ice sheets until about 11,000 years ago, and many Pre-Clovis sites are older than that. These sites have been found not only in North America (e.g., on Santa Rosa Island, California) but also in South America (e.g., at Monte Verde, Chile). This evidence makes the coastal route of migration more plausible, especially since there may have been ice-free havens along the northern coastline of North America that were accessible by boat as early as 16,000 years ago. Research by scientists like Canadian archaeologist Daryl Fedje and University of Colorado anthropologist E. James Dixon have revealed humans were exploiting coastal resources by the late Clovis period and possibly earlier along the Canadian and Alaskan coasts. Southeast Asians: Paleoindians of the Coast
The boat-builders from Southeast Asia may have been one of the earliest groups to reach the shores of North America. One theory suggests people in boats followed the coastline from the Kurile Islands to Alaska down the coasts of North and South America as far as Chile [2 62; 7 54, 57]. The Haida nation on the Queen Charlotte Islands off the coast of British Columbia may have originated from these early Asian mariners between 25,000 and 12,000. Early watercraft migration would also explain the habitation of coastal sites in South America such as Pikimachay Cave in Peru by 20,000 years ago and Monte Verde in Chile by 13,000 years ago [6 30; 8 383].
“‘There was boat use in Japan 20,000 years ago,’ says Jon Erlandson, a University of Oregon anthropologist. ‘The Kurile Islands (north of Japan) are like stepping stones to Beringia,’ the then continuous land bridging the Bering Strait. Migrants, he said, could have then skirted the tidewater glaciers in Canada right on down the coast.” [7 64]‘
Genetic Research (Click on map to enlarge) The colors of the arrows in this map correspond to the approximate timing of migrations from Asia into North America and are decoded in the colored time-bar. According to this study, the initial migration into Berinigia (represented by the red arrow) was followed by a lengthy standstill after which the early ancestors of contemporary Native Americans spread swiftly (see darker orange arrows) throughout the Americas while some of the Beringian maternal lineages–-such as those with haplotype C1a (light orange arrow)–migrated “back” to Northeast Asia. A more recent genetic exchange resulting from the back-migration of people with haplotype A2a (green arrow) into Siberia as well as the migration of people with the haplotype D2a into North America suggest the initial peopling of the Americas (red arrow) was followed by the subsequent arrival of another migration wave (green D2a arrow) from Siberia. Note that this map, which is based on the genetic research carried out by the Genographic Project, indicates there is genetic evidence of several transpacific waves of migration from Asia into the Americas over a period of some 30,000 years. Whether these waves of migration were by land, sea or both can not be determined definitively by the Genographic Project’s genetic data. As stated in the PBS Series entitled Coming into America: Surprising as it may seem, today many people still live in the same regions as their very distant forefathers. Genetic archaeologists bank on this when they assume individuals can be taken to represent a particular local group. In our contemporary world of high-speed travel and far-flung families, the long history of human migrations continues, at an ever-increasing pace. Future mtDNA and Y chromosome hunters will have their work cut out for them if they try to retrace the steps of today’s migrants.” Click here to link to this segment of the program for a good synthesis of the various opposing theories, the existing evidence and the arguments in favor and opposing these theories (continuously updated by Wikipedia.org) Chinese Transpacific Migrations (Click to enlarge) Net migration is the difference between immigration and emigration. A positive number implies that more people are immigrating than emigrating. The global net migration patterns in recent years reveal that North America and Western Europe remain the most important immigration destinations. The Middle East, particularly the United Arab Emirates, has also been a destination. The net providers of immigrants remain Mexico, India, China, the Philippines and Indonesia, a pattern that has continued over the last two decades. (Source: The UNEP Environmental Data Explorer, as compiled from World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision (WPP2010), United Nations Population Division. United Nations Environment Programme) Click here for link to the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2011 Version: 6.48, Date: 27 June 2011 at the website of the ISOGG (International Society of Genetic Genealogy), which states that it is not affiliated with any registered, trademarked, and/or copyrighted names of companies, websites and organizations. This Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree is for informational purposes only, and does not represent an endorsement by the ISOGG. Because of continuing research, the structure of the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree changes and ISOGG does its best to keep the tree updated with the latest developments in the field. The viewer may observe other versions of the tree on the Web.
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