When Fathers Are Pregnant
Immune system alteration identified as key process in the male pregnancy of pipefishes and seahorses
Sea Horse.
How the embryo develops in the womb is a complicated process, that is still puzzling today. In particular, it is unresolved how the paternal genetic information that is also present in the embryo, and the emerging body cells based on their mixed “blueprint” are tolerated by the maternal immune system and not rejected upon recognition as foreign. While this process is now well understood in humans, pregnancies in the animal kingdom still provoke many unanswered questions.
“By comparing the genomes of pipefishes and seahorses, we discovered that in the evolution of male pregnancy, the immune system pathways responsible for self and non-self recognition have changed considerably”, explains Dr. Olivia Roth, from GEOMAR, first author of the paper which now appeared in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). “Moreover, we detected that genes maintaining essential functions in female mammalian pregnancy, are also activated in male pregnancy. This suggests that pregnancy, whether male or female, relies on similar molecular mechanisms and that similar genes are altered in their function in the evolution of a pregnancy”, Dr. Roth continues.
In detail, the authors have investigated alteration of genes of the so-called major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The MHC is considered one of the most important innovations in the evolution of vertebrates. There are two types as cornerstones of the so-called adaptive immunity that eventually can cause memorized immunity, the MHC I and the MHC II pathway. Both also play a major role in humans, for example in the context of organ transplants and possible rejection reactions.
A similar loss, albeit completely independent during their evolution, had previously been reported for cod-like fishes. Yet, in contrast to cod, where it remains puzzling why the MHC II has been lost, the loss is in pipefishes and seahorses is associated to the evolution of the unique male pregnancy. Interestingly, the genes lost in the pipefish immune system are coding for precisely those pathways that are attacked by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). “Pipefishes that survive without these critical immune system functions could become an important model system for the study of natural and disease-related immune system deficiencies”, Dr. Roth concluded.
Contacts and sources:
Dr. Andreas Villwock
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR)
Publication: Evolution of male pregnancy associated with remodeling of canonical vertebrate immunity in seahorses and pipefishes.Olivia Roth, Monica Hongrø Solbakken, Ole Kristian Tørresen, Till Bayer, Michael Matschiner, Helle Tessand Baalsrud, Siv Nam Khang Hoff, Marine Servane Ono Brieuc, David Haase, Reinhold Hanel, Thorsten B. H. Reusch, and Sissel Jentoft. PNAS, 2020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916251117
Source: http://www.ineffableisland.com/2020/04/when-fathers-are-pregnant.html
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