Read the Beforeitsnews.com story here. Advertise at Before It's News here.
Profile image
Story Views
Now:
Last hour:
Last 24 hours:
Total:

Rafting to Madagascar? Yes for the hippos. No for the rest.

% of readers think this story is Fact. Add your two cents.


Rafting on broken limbs and floating brush mats
(perhaps in the wake of a typhoon) is a popular and traditional explanation for how several vertebrate taxa appear today on the African island of Madagascar, once a central part of the supercontinent, Gondwana (Fig. 1). Rafting is invoked because tradition holds that native lemurs, hippos, elephant birds, tenrecs and others did not live in Madagascar prior to the split from the mainland, 120 mya (Aptian, late Early Cretaceous).

Furthermore, the K-T extinction event
is thought to have destroyed all large vertebrates in Madagascar, requiring a reinsertion. This hypothesis is not supported by the LRT. Notably, the K-T impact crater is on the other side of the world, almost at the antipodes from Madagascar.

Nowadays
Madagascar is separated from the African mainland by a minimum of 300 miles (500 km). It has remained that far apart at least since 66 mya (Maatrichtian, Latest Cretaceous, K-T event), even during the recent ice ages. The Mozambique channel is also very deep.


Figure 2. The coatimundi (Nasua) compared to the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur). According to the LRT both of these taxa appeared in the Middle Jurassic, worldwide, today restricted to Mexico and Madagascar respectively.

Lemurs
Basalmost primates, lemurs, are today found only on Madagascar after a world-wide distribution (counting adapids in that clade). Based on the presence of
derived members of Glires in the Middle Jurassic, according to the large reptile tree (LRT, 1861+ taxa) lemurs must have also been widespread at that time (167 million years ago). That’s when Madagascar was tucked into the middle of Gondwana (Fig. 1), so lemurs are native to Madagascar. They evolved in isolation following the split of Madagascar from African 167 mya and the split from India about 80 million years ago. This evidence indicates a continuous endemic presence on Madagascar without the need for rafting after the K-T extinction event.


Figure 3. Tenrec museum mount. Another Middle Jurassic Madagascar mammal according to the LRT.

Tenrecs
are also native to Madagascar. Some traveled north with Pakistan and India, evolving to become
pakicetids, archaeocetids and extant odontocetes. Like lemurs, tenrecs are Middle Jurassic at their genesis so Madagascar is their native home and K-T refugium. This evidence indicates a continuous endemic presence on Madagascar without the need for rafting after the K-T extinction event.


Figure 6. Aepyornis maximus along with eggs, the largest known. The new skull replaces the original one.

Elephant birds
The LRT links
Aepyornis, the recently extinct elephant bird (Fig. 6), with Struthio, the ostrich. Both have a last common ancestor in Patagopteryx (80mya). Highly derived flightless geese (Asterorinis) are known from the latest Cretaceous. That means the much more primitive ratites had a much more primitive, Jurassic genesis, long before Gondwana split apart. This evidence indicates a continuous presence for large ratites on Madagascar without rafting in or walking in on a land bridge later than the K-T boundary.


Figure 7. Skull of Pleiorycteropus from MacPhee 1994. Colors and restoration added here. Given these fiew traits, the LRT had no trouble nesting this taxon with mongooses, some native to Madagascar.

Plesiorycteropus, the pseudo ‘aardvark
This taxon is known from a few partial fossils known since Fihol 1895 and described in detail by MacPhee 1994 (Fig. 7). Unfortunately MacPhee excluded many key taxa while discussing comparative anatomy, but did make comparisons to Talpa, the mole. In the LRT Plesiorycteropus nested with two other Madagascar taxa, the mongooses Crypotprocta and Eupleurus, not far from Herpestes the Eqyptian mongoose, Late Eocene Prohesperocyon, the pre-mole (not the earliest canid) and Talpa the extant mole, all within a subclade of the Carnivora. This basal placental clade had roots in the Early Jurassic. This phylogenetic evidence indicates a continuous presence for mongooses on Madagascar without rafting in or walking in on a land bridge later than the K-T boundary.

According to Masters, de Wit and Asher 2006
“by 83 million years, all of the major components we recognize today were separated by tracts of water. Madagascar’s fossil record and estimates of the timing of the extant vertebrate radiations in Madagascar are not easily reconciled with this history of fragmentation. Fossil faunas that lived prior to approx. 65 million years had a cosmopolitan flavour, but this was lost after the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.”

“Phylogenetic reconstructions of most extant Malagasy vertebrate radiations indicate divergence times that postdate the End-Cretaceous (lemurs, tenrecs, cichlid fish) and even the Early Miocene (chameleons, carnivores, rodents).”

“Most biogeographic explanations of these groups rely, therefore, on Simpson’s model of sweepstakes dispersal [Simpson 1940, 1951], but there are significant problems in applying the model to migrations from Africa to Madagascar, although its application is not so intractable between India and Madagascar. Alternative migration routes for consideration lie:

  1. along the suite of fracture zones between Antarctica and Africa/Madagascar (known as the Antarctic-Africa Corridor), which may have been exposed episodically above sea level;
  2. along a series of submerged basaltic ridges/plateaus with known or suspected continental crust between Antarctica and Africa/Madagascar/India flanking the Antarctic-Africa Corridor (e.g. the Madagascar Ridge, Mozambique Ridge, Conrad Plateau, Gunnerus Ridge);
  3. between Africa and Madagascar along the Davie Ridge (parts of which are known to have been exposed episodically above sea level);
  4. along the Deccan hotspot corridor between India and greater Africa.” (Fig. 8).

Figure 8. Image from Reeves 2014. Madagascar at 66mya. Colors and numbers correspond to descriptions in list above, none of which are necessary according to the LRT.

Masters, de Wit and Asher 2006 report the traditional story,
“The fossil records of the living mammalian orders begin at or shortly after the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary [Alroy, 1999]. Hence the composition of Madagascar’s End-Cretaceous fauna is an important starting point for reconstructions of its biodiversity.”

As Masters, de Wit and Asher note, tradition holds that there is no continuity between pre K-T boundary Madagascar fauna and post K-T fauna but remains are extremely rare. Only one pre-K-T mammal, the derived paedothere marsupial Adalatherium, has been described.

By contrast, the LRT indicates that endemic Madagascar birds and mammals survived the K-T extinction event on the other side of the world.

Masters, de Wit and Asher continue,
“The lack of close relationships between the Upper Cretaceous fossils and the extant Malagasy vertebrates has led researchers to conclude that the basal stocks of the modern taxa must have arrived later by waif dispersal.”

According to the LRT, only the hippos rafted over, carried by First Century humans hoping to have hippo burgers in the years ahead. The rest of the taxa were Jurassic basal placentals and basal crown birds that survived the K-T extinction event on their island home close to the antipodes of the K-T crater. Fossils of these K-T survivors might show up someday on Madagascar, but for now the LRT provides the first phylogenetic and chronological evidence against the widely believed rafting hypothesis for most Madagascar vertebrates. If not, please provide a citation for that earlier hypothesis so I can promote it here.

PS
What about those Late Cretaceous dinosaurs? They all became extinct. Yes, they did and had a long time to do so if the K-T extinction event did not kill them.

References
Filhol H. 1894. Observations concernant quelques mammiferes fossiles nouveaux de
Quercy. Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. Paleontol. (7e ser.) 16: 129-150.
Masters JC, de Wit MJ and Asher RJ 2006. Reconciling the Origins of Africa, India and Madagascar with Vertebrate Dispersal Scenarios. Folia Primatol 2006;77:399–418.
MacPhee RDE 1994. Morphology, Adaptations, and Relationships of Plesiorycteropus, and a Diagnosis of a New Order of Eutherian Mammals.” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 220 (1994): 1-214.
Reeves C 2014. The position of Madagascar within Gondwana and its movements during Gondwana dispersal. Journal of African Earth Sciences 94(2014):45–57.
Simpson GG 1940. Mammals and land bridges. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 30:137–163.
Simpson GG 1951. Probabilities of dispersal in geologic time. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 99: 163–176.

Reeves animation, breakup of Gondwana: http://www.reeves.nl

https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/research/2010/100119HuberMadagascar.html

wiki/History_of_Madagascar
wiki/Malagasy_hippopotamus
wiki/Plesiorycteropus


Source: https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/2021/05/21/rafting-to-madagascar-yes-for-the-hippos-no-for-the-rest/


Before It’s News® is a community of individuals who report on what’s going on around them, from all around the world.

Anyone can join.
Anyone can contribute.
Anyone can become informed about their world.

"United We Stand" Click Here To Create Your Personal Citizen Journalist Account Today, Be Sure To Invite Your Friends.

Please Help Support BeforeitsNews by trying our Natural Health Products below!


Order by Phone at 888-809-8385 or online at https://mitocopper.com M - F 9am to 5pm EST

Order by Phone at 866-388-7003 or online at https://www.herbanomic.com M - F 9am to 5pm EST

Order by Phone at 866-388-7003 or online at https://www.herbanomics.com M - F 9am to 5pm EST


Humic & Fulvic Trace Minerals Complex - Nature's most important supplement! Vivid Dreams again!

HNEX HydroNano EXtracellular Water - Improve immune system health and reduce inflammation.

Ultimate Clinical Potency Curcumin - Natural pain relief, reduce inflammation and so much more.

MitoCopper - Bioavailable Copper destroys pathogens and gives you more energy. (See Blood Video)

Oxy Powder - Natural Colon Cleanser!  Cleans out toxic buildup with oxygen!

Nascent Iodine - Promotes detoxification, mental focus and thyroid health.

Smart Meter Cover -  Reduces Smart Meter radiation by 96%! (See Video).

Report abuse

    Comments

    Your Comments
    Question   Razz  Sad   Evil  Exclaim  Smile  Redface  Biggrin  Surprised  Eek   Confused   Cool  LOL   Mad   Twisted  Rolleyes   Wink  Idea  Arrow  Neutral  Cry   Mr. Green

    MOST RECENT
    Load more ...

    SignUp

    Login

    Newsletter

    Email this story
    Email this story

    If you really want to ban this commenter, please write down the reason:

    If you really want to disable all recommended stories, click on OK button. After that, you will be redirect to your options page.