4 pakicetids enter the LRT starting with a new one: Phiomicetus (Gohar et al. 2021)
Gohar et al. 2021 described
a new “protocetid,” Phiomicetus anubis (Fig.1).
From the abstract continued
“The new species differs from other protocetids in having large, elongated temporal fossae, anteriorly placed pterygoids, elongated parietals, an unfused mandibular symphysis that terminates at the level of P3, and a relatively enlarged I3.“
“Unique features of the skull and mandible suggest a capacity for more efficient oral mechanical processing than the typical protocetid condition, thereby allowing for a strong raptorial feeding style.“
All good information, but now it is time for a phylogenetic analysis… The cladogram from Gohar et al. 2021 does not include any taxa basal to Pakicetus, so Phiomicetus can’t nest basal to Pakicetus and Andrewsiphius (Fig. 2) can’t nest with Tenrec (Fig. 2). You have to tell PAUP which taxon is the outgroup (= the basalmost taxon). If you tell PAUP Pakicetus is the outgroup taxon, then the other taxa that would have or might have nested basal to Pakicetus have to find another node to nest in. That’s why the LRT goes back to Ediacaran worms as outgroup taxa.
From the abstract continued
“Recovery of Phiomicetus from the same bed that yielded the remingtonocetid Rayanistes afer provides the first clear evidence for the co-occurrence of the basal cetacean families Remingtonocetidae and Protocetidae in Africa. The discovery of Phiomicetus further augments our understanding of the biogeography and feeding ecology of early whales.”
Andrewsiphius
(Fig. 2) is considered by Gohar et al. a member of the Remingtonocetidae (Fig. 8). The LRT nests Andrewsiphius as a tenrec, and Remingtonocetus basal to Pakicetus. The exclusion of valid more basal taxa is the problem in the Gohar et al. cladogram. Workers still consider the deer, cow and pig basal to whales, another embarrassing tradition borrowed and borrowed again by whale workers.
So where do odontocetes come from?
Anagalids, leptictids and tenrecs produced a bush of aquatic taxa with a large head and long snout: the pakicetids, archaeocetids and finally odontocetes. The extant leptictid, Rhynchocyon (Figs. 6,7), already has that long pointy snout and deer-like, whale-like ankles, but it has been traditionally omitted by whale experts. Same with the tenrecs.
Protocetus was the first protocetid described
(Fraas 1904; Fig. 9) and nests with the archaeocete, Zygorhiza, in the LRT, far from the base of walking whales.
The traditionally omitted outgroups to whales in the LRT
(Fig. 5) appear to represent a novel hypothesis of interrelations. If there is a prior citation, please share it here so I can promote it. The LRT minimizes taxon exclusion, which makes it an ideal tool in cases like this where you want to know the outgroup to any vertebrate clade. That includes turtles, snakes and pterosaurs.
Sadly,
some paleontologists still hate it whenever the LRT recovers overlooked and omitted outgroups. Borrowing old and invalid cladograms, and trusting them, is a habit common among academic authors. That extends to authors of textbooks. According to one popular paleontologist who feels it necessary to occasionally harangue workers who do put in the effort to create wide-gamut cladograms, “It’s too much work.” So don’t expect things to change soon in paleontology.
References
Gohar et al. (7 co-authors) 2021. A new protocetid whale offers clues to biogeography and feeding ecology in early cetacean evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1368
Source: https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/2021/08/30/4-new-pakicetids-enter-the-lrt-starting-with-a-new-one-phiomicetus-gohar-et-al-2021/
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