A Seasonal Emerald in the Sahel

A striking example of seasonal climate variation, with detailed images.
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The Inland Delta of the Niger River is one of the world’s most productive wetlands says NASA, even though it is mostly dry for nearly half of each year.

Depending on the abundance and timing of rainfall upstream, the inland delta of the Niger River in Mali typically floods with water from roughly August to December.

The result is a seasonal burst of green vegetation at the intersection of the Sahara Desert and the Sahel.

Inland deltas generally occur where rivers split and branch out across inland depressions, valleys, or former lake beds, often in arid areas.

According to geomorphologist and NASA Earth scientist Justin Wilkinson, there are at least 86 inland deltas—sometimes referred to as megafans—spread across Africa. The Inland Niger Delta is the largest in western Africa.

The waters that bathe this delta originate in the Guinea Highlands, where wet season rains usually start to fall in July and then wind their way northeast into Mali on the Niger River.

Upon reaching the southern reaches of the Inland Niger Delta, the waters spread out across floodplains and swamps full of reeds and wetland grasses (particularly bourgou).

The northern portion of the delta is full of branching sand ridges and drying stream channels that emerge from the wetlands as the season progresses.

The progression of this greenup is shown in the natural-color images above [see link] from May, August, and November 2021.

Each image is a monthly composite view built from data acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite. (The composite approach allows a cloud-free view in a region that can often be cloudy.)

The image below, acquired on November 16, 2021, by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8, shows a closeup of the sand ridges in the northern half of the delta.

Continued here.