Cosmic Fog And The Goldilocks Problem, Major NASA News Conference

This plot shows the locations of 150 blazars (green dots) used in the EBL study. The background map shows the entire sky and was constructed from four years of gamma rays with energies above 10 billion electron volts (GeV) detected by Fermi. The plane of our Milky Way galaxy runs along the middle of the plot. The Fermi LAT instrument is the first to detect more than 500 sources in this energy range. 

Credit: NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration › Larger image › Image without blazar positions

The total sum of starlight in the cosmos is known to astronomers as the extragalactic background light (EBL). To gamma rays, the EBL functions as a kind of cosmic fog. Ajello and his team investigated the EBL by studying gamma rays from 150 blazars, or galaxies powered by black holes, that were strongly detected at energies greater than 3 billion electron volts (GeV), or more than a billion times the energy of visible light.

 Fermi measured the amount of gamma-ray absorption in blazar spectra produced by ultraviolet and visible starlight at three different epochs in the history of the universe.

Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

 

With more than a thousand detected so far, blazars are the most common sources detected by Fermi, but gamma rays at these energies are few and far between, which is why it took four years of data to make this analysis,” said team member Justin Finke, an astrophysicist at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington.

As matter falls toward a galaxy’s supermassive black hole, some of it is accelerated outward at almost the speed of light in jets pointed in opposite directions. When one of the jets happens to be aimed in the direction of Earth, the galaxy appears especially bright and is classified as a blazar.

 

This illustration places the Fermi measurements in perspective with other well-known features of cosmic history. Star formation reached a peak when the universe was about 3 billion years old and has been declining ever since.  

Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center 

Gamma rays produced in blazar jets travel across billions of light-years to Earth. During their journey, the gamma rays pass through an increasing fog of visible and ultraviolet light emitted by stars that formed throughout the history of the universe. 

Occasionally, a gamma ray collides with starlight and transforms into a pair of particles — an electron and its antimatter counterpart, a positron. Once this occurs, the gamma ray light is lost. In effect, the process dampens the gamma ray signal in much the same way as fog dims a distant lighthouse. 

From studies of nearby blazars, scientists have determined how many gamma rays should be emitted at different energies. More distant blazars show fewer gamma rays at higher energies — especially above 25 GeV — thanks to absorption by the cosmic fog. 

 

Blazars are active galaxies powered by supermassive black holes. Some of the matter falling toward the black hole is accelerated to near the speed of light and blasted outward in a pair of oppositely directed jets. Blazars are bright sources because one of these jets happens to be pointing directly toward us. 

Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Conceptual Image Lab

The farthest blazars are missing most of their higher-energy gamma rays.

The researchers then determined the average gamma-ray attenuation across three distance ranges between 9.6 billion years ago and today. 

From this measurement, the scientists were able to estimate the fog’s thickness. To account for the observations, the average stellar density in the cosmos is about 1.4 stars per 100 billion cubic light-years, which means the average distance between stars in the universe is about 4,150 light-years.

 

Gamma rays interact with the EBL, which gives astronomers a means to probe the stellar content of the cosmos. When a gamma ray (magenta) strikes ultraviolet or visible light (blue), the photons are transformed into an electron and its antimatter counterpart, a positron. This process removes gamma rays from the spectra of bright sources like blazars. The degree of absorption increases for sources at greater distances 

Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

A paper describing the findings was published Thursday on Science Express.

“The Fermi result opens up the exciting possibility of constraining the earliest period of cosmic star formation, thus setting the stage for NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope,” said Volker Bromm, an astronomer at the University of Texas, Austin, who commented on the findings. “In simple terms, Fermi is providing us with a shadow image of the first stars, whereas Webb will directly detect them.” 

Measuring the extragalactic background light was one of the primary mission goals for Fermi. 

The Fermi EBL measurements allow astronomers to constrain the number of stars that have ever shone in the universe. Moving forward, the measurements will serve as a guide for theoretical studies of the early universe, near the peak of star formation. 

Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

“We’re very excited about the prospect of extending this measurement even farther,” said Julie McEnery, the mission’s project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. 

Goddard manages the Fermi astrophysics and particle physics research partnership. Fermi was developed in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy with contributions from academic institutions and partners in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden and the United States.