Supergiant Star Betelgeuse Smaller and Closer; Cause of its Pulsations;
Earth is still safe as it may be another 100,000 years until the star dies in a fiery supernova explosion, according to a new study by an international team of researchers, including a Hungarian astronomer.
Betelgeuse is one of the most recognizable stars of the winter sky, marking the left shoulder of the constellation Orion. An international team of scientists that included László Molnár, astronomer at the Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences (CSFK) of the Eötvös Loránd Research Network, took a closer look at this intriguing celestial object. Their work, published in The Astrophysical Journal, shows that it is both smaller and closer to Earth than previously thought.
Credit: ESO/M. Montargès et al.
The bright red supergiant has long fascinated scientists. But lately, it’s been behaving strangely. “It’s normally one of the brightest stars in the sky, but we’ve observed two drops in the brightness of Betelgeuse since late 2019,” Dr Meridith Joyce from The Australian National University (ANU), leader of the study, and frequent visitor of Konkoly Observatory of CSFK, said. “This prompted speculation it could be about to explode. But our study offers a different explanation. We now know the first dimming event involved a dust cloud. We found the second smaller event was likely due to the pulsations of the star.”
The researchers were able to use evolutionary, hydrodynamic and seismic modelling to learn more about the physics driving these pulsations – and get a clearer idea of what phase of its life Betelgeuse is in. According to co-author Dr Shing-Chi Leung from The University of Tokyo the analysis “confirmed that pressure waves – essentially, sound waves—were the cause of Betelgeuse’s pulsation.”
Fig 1: Recent brightness variations of Betelgeuse. Stellar pulsation causes the star’s brightness to vary, but the large dip in brightness in early 2020 is unprecedented. A comparison of direct images of the surface of Betelgeuse between January 2019 and December 2019 show that large portions of the star faded in December 2019, which could indicate a dust cloud appearing in front of it. The images were taken by the European Southern Observatory’s (ESO’s) Very Large Telescope. (Credit: ESO/M. Montargès et al.) For brightness data, see the caption of Fig 2.
Betelgeuse is normally one of the brightest, most recognizable stars of the winter sky, marking the left shoulder of the constellation Orion. But lately, it has been behaving strangely: an unprecedentedly large drop in its brightness has been observed in early 2020 (Figure 1), which has prompted speculation that Betelgeuse may be about to explode.
To find out more, an international team of scientists, including Ken’ichi Nomoto at the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), conducted a rigorous examination of Betelgeuse. They concluded that the star is in the early core helium-burning phase (which is more than 100,000 years before an explosion happens) and has smaller mass and radius—and is closer to Earth—than previously thought. They also showed that smaller brightness variations of Betelgeuse have been driven by stellar pulsations, and suggested that the recent large dimming event involved a dust cloud.
The research team is led by Dr. Meridith Joyce from the Australian National University (ANU), who was an invited speaker at Kavli IPMU in January 2020, and includes Dr. Shing-Chi Leung, a former Kavli IPMU project researcher and a current postdoctoral scholar at the California Institute of Technology, and Dr. Chiaki Kobayashi, an associate professor at the University of Hertfordshire, who has been an affiliate member of Kavli IPMU.
The team analyzed the brightness variation of Betelgeuse (Figure 2) by using evolutionary, hydrodynamic and seismic modelling. They achieved a clearer idea than before that Betelgeuse is currently burning helium in its core. They also showed that stellar pulsations driven by the so-called kappa-mechanism is causing the star to continuously brighten or fade with two periods of 185 (±13.5) days and approximately 400 days. But the large dip in brightness in early 2020 is unprecedented, and is likely due to a dust cloud in front of Betelgeuse, as seen in the image (Figure 1).
Their analysis reported a present-day mass of 16.5 to 19 solar mass—which is slightly lower than the most recent estimates. The study also revealed how big Betelgeuse is, as well as its distance from Earth. The star’s actual size has been a bit of a mystery: earlier studies, for instance, suggested it could be bigger than the orbit of Jupiter. However, the team’s results showed Betelgeuse only extends out to two-thirds of that, with a radius 750 times the radius of the sun. Once the physical size of the star is known, it will be possible to determine its distance from Earth. Thus far, the team’s results show it is a mere 530 light years from us, or 25 percent closer than previously thought.
Their results imply that Betelgeuse is not at all close to exploding, and that it is too far from Earth for the eventual explosion to have significant impact here, even though it is still a really big deal when a supernova goes off. And as Betelgeuse is the closest candidate for such an explosion, it gives us a rare opportunity to study what happens to stars like this before they explode.
Contacts and sources:
Ken’ichi Nomoto / John Amari
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU)
László Molnár Eötvös
Publication: Journal: The Astrophysical Journal
Title: Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: New Mass and Distance Estimates for Betelgeuse through Combined Evolutionary, Asteroseismic, and Hydrodynamic Simulations with MESA
Authors: Meridith Joyce (1,2), Shing-Chi Leung (3), László Molnár (4, 5, 6), Michael Ireland (1), Chiaki Kobayashi (2, 7, 8), Ken’ichi Nomoto (8)
Author affiliation:
1. Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, ACT 2611, Australia
2. ARC Center of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), Australia
3. TAPIR, Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, Mailcode 350-17, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
4. Konkoly Observatory, Research Center for Astronomy and Earth Sciences (CSFK), Konkoly-Thege út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
5. MTA CSFK Lendulet Near-Field Cosmology Research Group, Konkoly-Thege út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
6. ELTE Eotvs Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Budapest, 1117, Páz mány Péter sétány 1 / A, Hungary
7. Center for Astrophysics Research, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
8. Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db (Posted on October 13, 2020)
Abstract of the paper: (The Astrophysical Journal)
Pre-print: (arXiv.org page)
Source:
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