Catching Mercury's Tail

Mercury has a tail! And late September and early October will be the best times for amateurs to try and image it. Before going into details, a bit of background (this is an extended version of the tangent I did for the astrophiz podcast, the mercury tail talk starts around 17:11)

Back in 2008 famed STEROHUNTER Comet Al and I were trying to confirm a comet position in images from STEREO A. I pointed out the nice bright comet moving across the STEREO image field and Comet Al said, “That’s not a comet, that’s Mercury!”. We exchanged the internet equivalent of startled looks. 

The feeling on the Stereohunter list was that it was an artifact, but I remembered an article on sodium emission from Mercury, and went to track down the group and ask them what they thought our tail might be. 

So began a saga that cumulated in the paper “Observations of Mercury’s Escaping Sodium Atmosphere by the STEREO Spacecraft” by Carl Schmidt, Jeffrey Baumgardner, Michael Mendillo, Christopher Davis and Ian Musgrave being read at the European Planetary Science Congress. This paper was the subject of a press release, and has spread wide into the internet (Science Daily, Space.com, and SpaceInfo are just a few examples). It is my first and only scientific paper on astronomy (as very minor co-author of course).

The intense heat of the Sun blasts sodium ions from Mercury’s surface into space. We can see this tail of sodium atoms as glow as they are ionized by the Sun’s UV light. The Moon also as a tail of sodium atoms streaming away from it. 

So why bring it up now? In the wake of Karl Battams magnificent video of Comet C/1999 Y4 (Atlas) as it passed through the STEREO H1 field of view, also featuring Mercury’s sodium tail the question arose, can Mercury’s sodium tail be picked up by amateur astronomers? 

Mercury’s tail has been picked up from Earth by specialized astronomical telescopes with special filters. But what about amateurs? It turns out that they can. There have been several images of Mercury taken by amateurs with fairly modest telescopes and narrow band filters (see here for example). Narrow band filers are widely available (but somewhat pricey) a recent successful imaging used a 589.3/1.0 nm filer, sodium atoms need 589.0/589.6 nm light to glow. 

Image from Qiсһеng Ζһаng. Mercury and its sodium tail on June 4 through a 60 mm refractor and a 589.3/1.0 nm band-pass filter. The trailed star to the lower left is HIP 31650 (it’s Qicheng’s image, so play nice).

But you will need a guided telescope and integrate a number of exposures (eg 100x 10 second exposures). Could you pick the tail up with simple broadband exposure rather than a narrow-band filter? That is a good question and maybe you could try if you have a guided telescope. 

Evening sky at 19:45 ACST (90 minutes after sunset) on Friday, October 2 facing west as seen from Adelaide. At this time Mercury is at it’s furthest elongation from the Sun. Mercury is easily seen above the Western horizon at astronomical twilight.  

In September and October Mercury will be relatively high and good for trying. Mercury’s sodium tail is brightest at perihelion and aphelion. Aphelion is on September 19, but Mercury is only 4 degrees above the horizon at astronomical twilight, when the sky is full dark at the time. 

Mercury is 7 degrees above the horizon at astronomical twilight between the 24th to 29th of September, which is better, but the tail will be fading. 

While fading, this will be an excellent challenge for the telescope owners. 

If you want to read more, there are some excellent academic papers here and here (hat tip to Daniel Fischer for the links)